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Transcript
Layers of the Earth: REVIEW • LITHOSPHERE • Oceanic Crust • Continental Crust • ASTHENOSPHERE • Upper layer of the Mantle • Where CONVECTION occurs • Mantle • Outer Core • Inner Core OCEANIC Crust -MORE DENSE -Mostly Made of Basalt CONTINENTAL Crust - LESS DENSE - Mostly Made of Granite BASALT is MORE dense than granite. Therefore, Continental Crust “RIDES” On Oceanic Crust Plate Interactions - REVIEW: CONVERGENT >>>> <<<<< • Oceanic to Oceanic – Mid Ocean Ridges • Continental to Continental – Mountains • Oceanic to Continental – Volcanoes & E-Quakes DIVERGENT <<<<< >>>>> • Sea Floor Spreading (New Earth) • Volcanoes TRANSFORM ---------- ---------• E-Quakes SUBDUCTION ZONES: “SUBDUCT” – To Go Beneath Oceanic Crust is MORE DENSE and SUBDUCTS beneath CONTINENTAL CRUST Subduction Zone faults are the LONGEST and WIDEST in the world. E-Quake size is directly related to Fault size HUUUUUGE Boundaries – Generate Large E-Quakes Ring Of Fire SUBDUCTION ZONES occur all around the edge of the Pacific Ocean. Responsible for the world’s • BIGGEST E-Quakes • MOST TERRIBLE TSUNAMIS • Some of the WORST VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Earthquakes Plate boundaries are made up of many FAULTS. A FAULT is a BREAK in the Earth’s CRUST. Most Earthquakes occur along FAULT LINES. **Not all cracks in rocks are faults. A FAULT IS DEFINED BY THE MOVEMENT OF ROCK OCCURINGON EITHER SIDE. When the MOVEMENT is SUDDEN, the ENERGY released causes an EARTHQUAKE. San Andreas Fault line viewed from Space ENERGY is STORED when FAULT edges are STUCK together FORCE of MOVING blocks < FORCE of FRICTION ENERGY is RELEASED and RADIATES outward in all directions https://www.iris.edu/hq/inclass/animation/earth quake_wave_analogies_like_ripples_on_water Energy released during the Taiwan Earthquake 3 Types of Faults : Classified by HOW the two slabs of rock MOVE relative to each other. Strike-Slip – Vertical Fractures where plates move HORIZONTALLY past each other (side-to-side motion) Normal – Develop where land is PULLING APART or stretching. One block of land SLIPS DOWN relative to the other. Reverse – Develop where land is being COMPRESSED. One block of land is PUSHED UP relative to the other. Seismic waves are the waves of energy caused by the sudden breaking of rock. Travel through Earth’s INNER layers Travel along the Earth’s SURFACE BODY WAVES P Waves: FASTEST First to Arrive Move through SOLIDS & FLUIDS Pushes and Pulls Rock Animals Can Hear them S Waves: SLOWER SECOND to arrive Can only move through SOLIDS Moves UP & DOWN or SIDE- to -SIDE Arrive AFTER Body Waves Earthquakes RADIATE ENERGY as waves. SURFACE WAVES Love: FASTEST Moves Ground from side-to-side Responsible for DAMAGE and DESTRUCTION Rayleigh: ROLLS along the ground. Moves ground UP & DOWN LARGER than other waves Creates SHAKING we feel http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es1009/es1009page01.cfm Richter Scale Major factors that affect the intensity of an earthquake. The greater the magnitude, the greater the intensity near the epicenter. A single earthquake can produce a range of intensities from I to XII. The intensity decreases as the distance from the epicenter increases until there is no affect felt by the earthquake. Earthquakes can have a range of intensities but only one magnitude.