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BY: T E D W U
OVERARCHING CONCEPTS
Passive Transport:
-3 Characteristics:
• Travels with concentration gradient
• Moves from high to low concentration
• Requires no energy (no ATP needed)
• Diffusion, Osmosis, Facilitated Diffusion
Active Transport:
• Travels against the concentration gradient
• Moves from low to high concentration
• Requires energy to be carried out (ATP required, molecule (protein) needed
for all active transports)
• Endocytosis and Exocytosis
Solution Types:
• Hypotonic
• Hypertonic
• Isotonic
PASSIVE TRANSPORT
Diffusion: movement of solute from high to lower concentrations through the phospholipid
bilayer. CHNOPS (Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur )can pass
through. Overall, all non-polar covalent molecules can pass through.
Facilitated Diffusion: movement of solute from higher to lower concentrations through the
CHANNEL PROTEIN. Monomers are the molecules that travel through facilitated diffusion.
Osmosis: movement of WATER from higher to lower concentrations through the phospholipid
bilayer. Water is the only substance of osmosis; no other substance can be called osmosis.
35% solute,
65% solvent
This is an example of
both osmosis
(movement of solvent
inside to balance
solvent level) and
diffusion of solute
from outside to inside.
25%
solute,
75%
solvent
HYPOTONIC, HYPERTONIC, AND ISOTONIC
Hypertonic- more solute concentration than what it is being compared to. If Solution
A is hypertonic compared to solution B, then solution A has a higher concentration of
solute.
Hypotonic- less concentrated in solute concentration than what it is being compared
to. For example, if the solution outside is hypotonic compared to the inside solution,
the outside solution has less solute than the inside solution.
Isotonic- equal concentrations inside and outside of the cell. This is used to describe
solutions which have reached equilibrium.
Note: all of these compare CONCENTRATIONS. They do not compare solute amounts;
solute amounts are not always correspondent to the solution’s tonicity.
TYPES OF ACTIVE TRANSPORT
Endocytosis (split into two types):
Phagocytosis, also known as cell eating, is the process of larger cells completely enveloping a
particle. organisms/cells which partake in phagocytosis are known as phagocytes.
Pinocytosis, also known as cell drinking, is the process of larger cells slightly indenting to create
an opening in which multiple, smaller particles (compared to a particle enveloped in
phagocytosis), and fluid (most of the time) fill up. The cell then suspends these particles within
itself.
Exocytosis:
Forced removal of particles from a cell using energy.
OTHER STUFF TO KNOW
•
Cell membranes are semi-permeable.
•
Turgor pressure occurs in plants when a cell is in a hypotonic solution,
whereby water is absorbed into the vacuole, creating pressure. This
pressure causes the plant to stay upright. When water is lost, turgor
pressure is gone and the plant wilts. This is known as osmotic pressure
in animal cells.
•
Cell pumps are proteins that aid in active transport. They use ATP to
transport molecules across a membrane. Each pump is specific to a
certain type of molecule; for example, the Sodium-Potassium pump
would only be able to interact with sodium and potassium.
PLASMOLYSIS VS. CYTOLYSIS
Plasmolysis- Shrinking of plant cells due to loss of water during osmosis. This
occurred in the potato lab, when the potato was soaked in salt water and water
moved out to create equilibrium. When sufficient water is lost, turgidity decreases
to the point that the plant wilts and becomes flaccid.
Cytolysis-when a cell bursts due to an imbalance of water between a cell and its
environment. It occurs when water moves into the cell to the point that the
volume exceeds capacity level. It occurs in a hypotonic environment, where water
moves into the cell by osmosis. Cell walls prevent the membrane from bursting,
so cytolysis only occurs in animal cells which do not have cell walls.
EVIDENCE WHY I, TED WU, AM THE BEST ADMIN
More responsible and more intelligent than Brian
Spent time putting detailed information for you kids so your GPAs won’t be too bad
Not as irresponsible as Ahmed El-Rayes.
He’s from Taiwan. Ever had boba tea? Thank Ted for that.
He puts in daily effort for you people. Don’t thank him, he’s glad to help.
The next iPhone’s processor? Ted’s family back home will be helping to make that.
He is the most interesting man in the world.