Download Kingdoms

5.5 Classification
Classification
 For centuries, humans have been
attempting to classify the various species
on Earth in order to learn more about the
species and their evolutionary history.
 Classification attempts to group more
related species together
Binomial system of
Nomenclature
 A “2 name” naming
system that was
designed by Carolus
Linneaus in the 18th
century.
Binomial Symstem of
Nomeclature
 Every species has a Latin name,
 The first part of the name is the name of the
genus, the second part is the species.
 The name is printed in italics
 If hand written, underline the name
 The first letter of the genus is capitalized
 The first letter of the species is not
Examples:
 Humans: Homo sapiens
GENUS
SPECIES
 Dogs: Canis lupus familiaries
SUBSPECIES
 Linnaeus’ system was largely based on
morphology and is not the best way to
classify organisms
 (Modern methods use evolutionary
relationships to classify organisms)
 However, Linnaeus’ system is still the
basis of how we name organisms today.
Hierarchy of Classification
 We now use a seven level hierarchy of
taxa to classify organisms
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Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
 King Phillip Coughs. Oh! Filthy Germs
Spread!!!
Kingdoms
 Kingdoms are the broadest category
 Originally there were only 2 Kingdoms:
Plants and Animals
 Today, we have identified 5
Modern Kingdoms
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Kingdom Plantae (plants)
Kingdom Animalia (animals)
Kingdom Fungi (fungi and moulds)
Kingdom Protoctista (protozoa and algae
– includes paramicium and amoebas)
 Kingdom Prokaryotae (bacteria)
Ex: Humans
KINGDOM
Anamalia
PHYLUM
Chordata
CLASS
Mammalia
ORDER
Prima
FAMILY
Hominidae
GENUS
Homo
SPECIES
sapiens
Ex: Garden Pea
KINGDOM
Plantae
PHYLUM
Angiospermae
CLASS
Dicotyledoneae
ORDER
Rosales
FAMILY
Papilionaceae
GENUS
Pisum
SPECIES
sativum
 Distinguish between the following phyla
of plants using simple external
recognition features
Bryophyta
 Mosses and liverworts
 Small terrestrial plants that do not have
true roots, stems or leaves (but may have
similar structures)
 Leaf-like structures arranged in a spiral
 Usually live in clusters
Filicinophyta
 Ferns
 Have true leaves
 New leaves unroll
 Have an underground creeping stem (called
a rhizome)
Coniferophyta
 Conifers
 Woody plants, with a single wooden trunk
and side branches
 Leaves are long thin needles and dark green
 Produce seeds in cones
Angiospermophyta
 Angiosperms/ Flowering Plants
 Have flowers
 Seeds are in ovaries with become the fruit
 Leaves usually as a leaf blade and a leaf
stalk, with veins visible on the lower surface
 Distinguish between the following phyla
of animals, using simple external
recognition features.
Porifera
 Sponges
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Most primitive animals with a simple body
Live in water
Do not move around
No mouth, but have small holes through
which water is pumped into body and have
be filtered for food before pumping out
Cnidaria
 Jellyfish and sea anemones
 Have stinging cells
 Radially symmetrical
 Have a gastro-vascular cavity (a hollow
space in the centre of the body) with only
one opening to the cavity
 Often have tentacles around the opening
Plathyelminthes
 Flatworms
 Soft flattened body with a definite head
region
 Bilateral symmetry
 Gastro-vascular cavity
 Usually one opening to cavity
 Live in water or damp environments
 Can be free-living or parasitic
Arthropoda
 Animals with jointed legs
 Ex: insects, arachnids, crustaceans
 Exoskeleton made of chitin (a
polysaccharide)
 Segmented body
 Appendages to each segment
 At least 3 pairs of legs
 May be free living or parasitic
Annelida
 Worms and leeches
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Bodies of ring-like segments
Have a mouth and an anus
Live in water or moist soil
May be free living or parasitic
No legs
Bristles from body which help them move
Mollusca
 Snails, squids, clams, slugs
 Soft unsegmented bodies
 May have a shell
Dichotomous Keys
 Apply and design a key for a group of up
to eight organisms.
 Keys are most commonly used to identify
plants, insects, and birds.