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Unit 7: The Civil War April 1861 To April 1865 North vs. South in 1861 Use your notes from the last unit and the textbook pages; (GN 448-452), (CP 413-415) North South Advantages 1 3 Disadvantages 2 4 Comparing the North & the South Slave vs. Free States Population, 1861 Railroad Lines, 1860 Resources: North & the South Men Serving in the Civil War Soldiers’ Occupations: Immigrant Population Percents in 1860 The Union & Confederacy: 1861 The Leaders of the Confederacy Pres. Jefferson Davis VP Alexander Stevens The Confederate “White House” Richmond, VA The Confederate Seal MOTTO “With God As Our Vindicator” Vice President Hannibal Hamlin (1861-65) Vice President Andrew Johnson (1865) President Abraham Lincoln I. The Beginning- April 1861 A. Fort Sumter, SC – Union fort, commanded by Major Robert Anderson, U.S.A. B. C.S.A. Gen. Beauregard demands that they leave. C. Lincoln sends supplies to the fort 1. Confederates attack D. Fort Sumter surrenders after 34 hours of shelling 1. No casualties, but the war has begun E. The North will not let the Southern states secede 1. Four more southern states secede (VA, NC, AR, TN) II. The North’s Civil War Strategy: The “Anaconda” Plan A. Anaconda Plan: Blockade Southern ports and the Mississippi River 1. No supplies or goods get by B. Split the South into 2 parts 1. Divide the army and supplies up C. Capture Richmond, VA D. Bring the South Back into the Union ASAP E. Lincoln’s Generals Winfield Scott Irwin McDowell George McClellan Joseph Hooker Ambrose Burnside Ulysses S. Grant George Meade George McClellan, Again! III. The South’s Civil War Strategy: A. Defensive War Plan: Defend the South 1. Only fight when need to 2. Cause as much damage as possible 3. Make the North want to quit B. Capture Washington, D.C. C. Gain European support and recognition D. The Confederate Generals “Stonewall” Jackson Nathan Bedford Forrest George Pickett Jeb Stuart James Longstreet Robert E. Lee IV. Battle of Bull Run (1st Manassas, VA) July, 1861 A. First Major Battle 1. 20 miles from Washington 2. Near Bull Run Creek B. Both sides think the war will only be this battle 1. Both sides fight well, but C.S.A. rallies & U.S.A. retreats C. Results – both sides learn that the war will be long and bloody V. War in the West: 1862 A. Ulysses S. Grant makes a name for himself 1. Fort Henry, TN: February 1862 a. Navy attacked from the River while the army moved into position. 2. Fort Donelson, TN: February 1862 a. Naval attack, but forced to retreat b. Confederate try to escape, driven back c. “Unconditional Surrender” Grant wins 3. Shiloh, TN: April 1862 a. Gens. Johnston and Beauregard attack Grant to stop his advance b. Johnston is killed c. Union reinforcements turn the battle B. Results of the War in the West 1. Union took control much of the Mississippi River 2. Confederates fight hard, and slow the Union advance VI. War in the East: 1862 A. The Battle of the Ironclads, March, 1862 The Monitor vs. the Merrimac On board the Monitor 1. Marked a change in naval warfare B. Peninsula Campaign – Virginia: March – July 1. Union Gen. McClellan is SLOW to act a. has 110,000 men b. waits in place for one month 2. Confederates - led by Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson a. much smaller force b. make the Union retreat after a series of battles C. Second Manassas: August, 1862 1. Union heads north to D.C. by sea 2. Rebels follow by land 3. Confederates defeat Union General Pope D. Antietam; Sharpsburg, MD: Sept. 17, 1862 1. Lee decided to invade the North 2. McClellan back in charge: follows slowly 3. Armies meet MD along the Antietam Creek 4. Single bloodiest day of war – 23,000 casualties 5. Confederates retreat 6. McClellan does not pursue and Lincoln fires him again Burnsides’ Bridge The Dunker Church “Bloody Lane” E. Fredericksburg, VA: December, 1862 1. New Union commander – Ambrose E. Burnside 2. Confederates outnumbered, but dug defenses and won F. The Emancipation Proclamation: January 1, 1863 1. Frees those slaves living in the southern states 2. Lincoln CANNOT enforce this law, but now the war is being fought to save the Union AND end slavery VII. A Critical Year: 1863 A. Chancellorsville, VA: May, 1863 1. New Union commander – Joseph Hooker: very cautious commander 2. Considered Lee’s greatest victory a. innovative strategy: Split his army even though he was outnumbered 3. Stonewall Jackson accidentally shot by his own men – dies B. Vicksburg, MS: 1863 1. Confederate stronghold on the Mississippi River 2. Grant in command – city falls after a three-month siege 3. Confederacy is split & Union controls entire MS River C. Gettysburg, PA : 1863 1. New Union commander – George Meade 2. Three day battle, decisive Union victory a. Day 1 – maneuvering for position b. Day 2 – Little Round Top ( Joshua L. Chamberlain & 20th Maine) c. Day 3 – Pickett’s Charge 3. Casualties – about 45,000 a. Deadliest battle in the war Gettysburg Casualties “The Slaughter Pens” Little Round Top Breast Works “Devils Den” Virginia “Jenny” Wade “Jenny Wade House” Killed while caring for her pregnant Sister-in-law and baking bread for Union soldiers D. Gettysburg & Vicksburg – turning points of the Civil War 1. Lee lost 1/3 of his army & never again mounted a major offensive 2. Union victories convinced Britain and France NOT to recognize the Confederacy 3. Peace movement in the North lost its focus 4. Loss of the MS River helped tighten the North’s grip on the South *2’s explain to your partner about the role that African Americans played in the Union Army and if you feel their contributions were important or not. African-American Recruiting Poster The Famous 54th Massachusetts August Saint-Gaudens Memorial to Col. Robert Gould Shaw African-Americans in Civil War Battles Black Troops Freeing Slaves Buy Your Way Out of Military Service The North Initiates the Draft, 1863 Recruiting Irish Immigrants in NYC Recruiting Blacks in NYC NYC Draft Riots, (July 13-16, 1863) NYC Draft Riots, (July 13-16, 1863) A “Pogrom” Against Blacks Inflation in the South VIII. Slowly toward the end A. Union steadily defeats Confederates in GA and TN 1. Chattanooga, TN falls to Grant (November 1863) 2. Atlanta, GA captured & burned by Sherman (late 1864) 3. Sherman’s “March to the Sea” through Georgia, 1864 Sherman’s troops destroying Railroad and Telegraph Lines Part of Savannah GA B. Grant takes over Army of the Potomac 1. war of attrition (total war) – wear down the enemy, but take heavy losses 2. Wilderness, VA (May 1864) Union defeat – kept advancing 3. Cold Harbor, VA (June 1864) Union defeat – kept advancing 4. Petersburg, VA – major railroad center a. longest siege in American history began - June 1864 b. July 1864 – Battle of the Crater c. Confederates abandon Petersburg – April 1865 Union Pontoon Bridge Ruins at Petersburg Inside the Confederate Fortifications Confederate Trenches 1864 Election Pres. Lincoln (R) George McClellan (D) The Peace Movement: Copperheads Clement Vallandigham Presidential Election Results: 1864 C. The Final Campaign: 1864-1865 1. Confederates tried to retreat & obtain supplies along the way 2. Union army follows 3. Richmond, VA falls & CSA army heads west a. Davis wants a guerilla war b. Lee refuses 4. Lee surrender to Grant at Appomattox: April 9,, 1865 The Progress of War: 1861-1865 Casualties on Both Sides D. Total Casualties: 680,000 Civil War Casualties in Comparison to Other Wars 1. Ford’s Theater (April 14, 1865) Presidential Box At Ford’s Theatre The Assassin John Wilkes Booth The Assassination WANTED !! Now He Belongs to the Ages! The Execution Comparisons between Lincoln and Kennedy Both last names contain 7 letters Both succeeded by Southerners named Johnson Lincoln ran for Congress in 1846 (lost) Andrew Johnson (Lincoln) born in 1808, Kennedy ran for Congress in 1946 (won) House of Representatives in 1847 Lincoln (1856) and Kennedy (1956) failed to win the VP nomination Lyndon Johnson (Kennedy) born in 1908, House of Representatives in 1947 Lincoln elected president in 1860 Kennedy elected president in 1960 Both assassinated by Southerners, with 3 names and 15 letters total Lincoln defeated Douglas, born in 1813 Kennedy defeated Nixon, born in 1913 John Wilkes Booth born in 1838, Lee Harvey Oswald born in 1939 Both concerned with civil rights Booth ran from a theatre and hid in a tobacco barn Both first ladies last children while living in the White House Oswald ran from a warehouse and hid in a theatre Both were shot on a Friday, in the head, with their wives present, and fell onto them Both assassins were killed before they stood trial Booth (Boston Corbett) Oswald (Jack Ruby) Both assassinations were thought to be part of a larger conspiracy. Lincoln was shot in Ford’s Theatre, Kennedy was shot in a Lincoln, which was a car made by Ford. Lincoln died at age 56, Kennedy died at age 46 Atrocities of the Civil War The Massacre at Fort Pillow, TN (April 12, 1864) Nathan Bedford Forrest (Captured Fort Pillow) 262 African-Americans 295 white Union soldiers. Ordered black soldiers murdered after they surrendered! [many white soldiers killed as well] Became the first Grand Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan after the war. Confederate Prison Camp at Point Lookout, MD Planned to hold 10,000 men. Had almost 50,000 at one time. Point Lookout Memorial of 4,000 Dead Rebel Prisoners Union Prison Camp at Andersonville, GA Tent City Original Andersonville Plan Planned to hold 10,000 men. Had over 32,000 at one time. Distributing “Rations” Union “Survivors” Union Prisoner’s Record at Andersonville Burying Dead Union POWs Andersonville Cemetery Field Ambulance and Crew Field Hospital Surgeon’s Kit Clara Barton “The Angel of the Battlefield” Founder of the American Redcross