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Transcript
1300 - 1600 EUROPEAN RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION RENAISSANCE HUMANISM ITALY’S ADVANTAGES RENAISSANCE WRITERS CHANGE LITERATURE Renaissance writers wrote for self-expression or to portray the individuality of their subjects Francesco Petrarch Boccaccio Realistic stories Decameron MERCHANTS & THE MEDICI RENAISSANCE REVOLUTIONIZES ART Medieval artists = used religious subjects & tried to convey a spiritual ideal Renaissance artists = portrayed religious subjects, but used a realistic style copied from classical models LEONARDO DA VINCI Painter Sculptor Inventor Scientist a true Renaissance Man Deeply interested on how things worked MICHELANGELO BUONARROTI Sculptor Painter Glorified the human body David Sistine Chapel St. Peter’s Basilica RAPHAEL Painter Focused on realism School of Athens Shows Classical & Renaissance figures together listening to Greek philosophers Raphael & Michelangelo are among them DONATELLO Sculptor Carved natural postures & expressions that reveal personality THE RENAISSANCE MAN & WOMAN From The Courtier by Baldassare Castiglione THE RENAISSANCE WOMAN NICCOLO MACHIAVELLI Guidebook for rulers Idea that most people are selfish, fickle, & corrupt Wrote The Prince http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vufba_ZcoR 0 Section 2 THE NORTHERN RENAISSANCE THE NORTHERN RENAISSANCE BEGINS 1450 – Europe begins to recover from the plague 1453 – Hundred Years War ends France & England were under strong monarchs instead of many city-states These rulers were patrons of (or sponsor) the Renaissance artists ARTISTIC IDEAS SPREAD GERMAN PAINTERS Albrecht Durer FLEMISH PAINTERS Flanders (Belgium) full of wealthy merchant families Jan van Eyck Pieter Bruegel NORTHERN WRITERS TRY TO REFORM SOCIETY Writers adopted ideal of humanism with some more of a religious slant Christian Humanists Desiderius Erasmus Sir Thomas More Utopia WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE MacBeth Julius Caesar Romeo & Juliet A Midsummer Night’s Dream THE ELIZABETHAN AGE Ruled England 1558 1603 JOHANN GUTENBERG 1440 – Johann Gutenberg reinvented movable type in Germany PRINTING SPREADS LEARNING Can print hundreds of copies all the same Making books more affordable for people to buy Availability of books encouraged people to learn Printed Bibles in vernacular, too People began to interpret the bible for themselves Leads to Reformation Section 3 LUTHER STARTS THE REFORMATION CAUSES OF THE REFORMATION Socially Corrupt Popes Plague Crusades Printing Press Politically Monarchs wanted total control Economically Northern merchants resent paying church taxes to Rome PROBLEMS IN CATHOLIC CHURCH Leaders were corrupt Many lower priests & monks were not welleducated LUTHER CHALLENGES THE CHURCH Martin Luther German monk Criticized the selling of indulgences by priests THE 95 THESES All of Europe reads it & the Reformation begins A movement for religious reform THE RESPONSE TO LUTHER The Pope excommunicates Martin Luther Emperor Charles V of Holy Roman Empire (Germany) issues Edict of Worms Declares Luther an outlaw & heretic No one can feed or provide shelter for Luther Burn all of Luther’s books http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rZ3AFZXXX-k LUTHERANS Became a separate religious group PROTESTANTS Started by protesting princes in Germany Christians who belonged to nonCatholic churches Sparked war in Germany 1555 = Peace of Augsburg Rulers could decide the religion of own German state CALVIN BEGINS CALVANISM John Calvin = French Believed in Predestination Calvinism John Knox Presbyterian ENGLAND BECOMES PROTESTANT King Henry VIII wants a son Tries to annul his first marriage to Catherine of Aragon Reformation Parliament Approve Act of Supremacy Made the king the official head of England’s Church Anne Boleyn, 4 more wives… RELIGIOUS TURMOIL IN ENGLAND England changes religion with each king/queen King Edward (1st son) = Protestant Queen Mary (1st child) = Catholic Queen Elizabeth I (daughter of Anne) = Protestant Starts Anglican Church CATHOLIC REFORMATION Counter-Reformation Ignatius of Loyola Jesuits Council of Trent
