Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Evolution Outline/Questions
Document related concepts
Unilineal evolution wikipedia , lookup
Sexual selection wikipedia , lookup
Natural selection wikipedia , lookup
Gene expression programming wikipedia , lookup
Symbiogenesis wikipedia , lookup
Koinophilia wikipedia , lookup
Evolutionary developmental biology wikipedia , lookup
Genetics and the Origin of Species wikipedia , lookup
Hologenome theory of evolution wikipedia , lookup
Theistic evolution wikipedia , lookup
The Selfish Gene wikipedia , lookup
Population genetics wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
EvolutionOutline/Questions Name:Key TheTheory: 1. WhatisthedifferencebetweenLamark’stheoryofevolutionandDarwin’stheoryof evolution?Whichisforsurewrongandwhy? Lamrk’stheoryofevolutioniscalled“InheritanceofAcquiredCharacteristics.”Itstatesthat anychangesthatoccursduringanorganism’slifewillgetpassedontothenextgeneration, hence“acquiredcharacteristics”–Lamarkdidn’trelategeneticstoevolution. Darwin’stheoryofevolutioniscalled“TheoryofEvolutionbyNaturalSelection.”Itstatesthat it’sthegenetics(DNA)ofanorganismthatget’spassedontothenextgenerationandonlythe changesinthegeneticmaterialwillgetpassedontothenextgeneration.(Hecameupwith the5stepsofevolution–buttheDIFFERENCEbetweenthetwotheoriesishowthechanges arepassedontothenextgeneration) Lamark’stheoryof“InheritanceofAcquiredCharacteristics”isforsurewrongbecausewe knowforafactthatachangetotheanimal’sbodywillnotgetpassedontotheoffspring unlessit’sgenetic. 2. WhoisAlfredWallace?Whyishenotsofamous? CofounderofEvolutionbynaturalselection.Hewasn’tasfamousasDarwinbecauseDarwin publishedhisideabeforeWallacecould. 3. Whatarethe5stepsofnaturalselection?Beabletodescribethem. 1.Overproduction-moreoffspringarebornthancansurvive 2.InheritableVariation–everyoffspringisgeneticallyslightlydifferentfromotheroffsprings whichmakeseachdifferentfromtheothers 3.Struggleforsurvival–alloffspringcompeteforthesameresources 4.Survivalofthefittest–thoseindividualthatarebestsuitedtotheenvironmentsurviveand reproducemorethanthosethatarenotaswellsuitedtotheenvironment. 5.Originofnewspecies–overmanyyearsthosegeneticdifferencespassedontothenext generationmaketheoffspringsodifferentthattheybecomedifferentspecies a. Applythe5stepsofevolutiontothefollowingscenarios i. Howdidtheleopardgetitspattern? 1.Overproduction-moreplainbaby“leopards”wereproducedthancouldsurvive 2.Inheritablevariation-somewereplain,somewerestripedsomeweredotted 3.Struggleforsurvival–allofthesecatshuntedthesamefoodneededthesame shelter 4.Survivalofthefittest–thecatsthathadthedottedpatterscouldcamouflage betterandambushfoodmoreefficientlyresultingineatingmoreandhaving moreenergytoproducemoreoffspringwithdotterpatters. 5.Originofnewspecies–overmanyyearsthedottedpatternbecamesodistinct thatwestartedcallingthemleopards ii. Howdoesthecheetahrunsofast?Dothesamethingasi iii. Howdoesthespermwhaleholditsbreathforhours?Dothesamethingasi iv. HowdoesthesharkhavesuchsharpteethDothesamethingasi v. Howdohumanstakecareofthetheiroffspringforyears?Dothesamethingasi 4. WhatisArtificialSelection? Whenhumansselectwhichgenes/traitsgetpassedontothenextgeneration What’sanexampleofArtificialselection?Differentbreedsofdogs,differentbreedsofpigeons TheDNA 5. Whatdoes“DNA”standfor?DeoxyribonucleicAcid a. DescribethestructureoftheDNA Doublestrandedhelixwithsugar-phosphatebackboneattachedtogetherwithbase pairs 6. Whatisagene? AsegmentoftheDNAwhichcodesforspecifictraitintheorganism 7. Whatisanallele? Avariantofagene 8. UsethefollowingDNAsequencetoanswerthequestionsthatfollow Gene1: ATGGGCTATTAAACCCCCGTTAAGGAGTTTACLongBlack Gene2: TGGCGTTCAATTCGTTCCGGGCTAGCCTAACTMediumGrey Gene3: TCGCCCTAGGTAGCCTCGTAGTCTTCAGGCTAshortbrown Basepairs5-10codeforhaircolour. Basepairs17-24codeforhairlength Gene1isLongblackhair Gene2isMediumGreyhair Gene3isshortbrownhair. LongLandMediumMareco-dominant,shortlisrecessive(L,M,l) BlackBandGreyGareco-dominant,brownbisrecessive(B,M,b) a. WhatisthesequenceforLonghair?Shorthair?Brownhair?Blackhair? Gene1islong,greenhighlightisforhairlengthsoCCGTTAAG Gene3isshort,greenhighlightisforhairlengthsoCGTAGTCT Gene3isbrown,yellowhighlightisforhaircoloursoCCTAGG Gene1isblack,yellowhighlightisforhaircoloursoGCTATT b. Whatwouldbethegenotypeandphenotypeofanindividualwithgenes1and3? Genotype(LlBb)–Phenotype(Long,Black) 9. 2x2punnetsqure.Whatistheresultingratioofphenotypesandgenotypeswhena homozygousdominantiscrossedwithaheterozygous? HomozygousDominant–BB Heterozygous-Bb B B B BB BB b Bb Bb Genotype:2BB:2Bb:0bb Phenotype:4dominantphenotype:0recessivephenotype 10. 4x4punnetsquare,whatistheresultingratioofphenotypesandgenotypeswhena heterozygousiscrossedwithaheterozygous? HeterozygousAaBb–Possiblegametegenotypes(AB,Ab,aB,ab) HeterozygousAaBb-Possiblegametegenotypes(AB,Ab,aB,ab) AB Ab aB ab AB AABB AABb AaBB AaBb Ab AABb AAbb AaBb Aabb aB AaBB AaBb aaBB aaBb ab AaBb Aabb aaBb aabb Genotype:1AABB:1AAbb:2AABb:2AaBB:4AaBb:2Aabb:2aaBb:1aaBB:1aabb Phenotype:9AB:3Ab:3aB:1ab TheProcess 11. Whatarethe5agentsofevolution?Beabletodescribethemandgiveanexampleofeach. 1.NaturalSelection:thebestsuitedtraitsgettoreproduceandhaveoffspringpassingontheir genestothenextgenerationwhilethosethatarenotsuitedwillnot Ex.Bettercamouflagedrabbitsliveandreproducewhileotherswillgeteaten 2.Mutation:achangeintheDNAofanorganismthatresultsinachangeinphenotypethat canbegood,neutral,orbadfortheorganism. Ex.Apopulationofbrownrabbitssuddenlyhasawhitealleleduetoamutation 3.GeneticDrift:Occursinsmallpopulationswhencertainallelesbecomemoreorless commononlyduetochance. Ex.Apopulationofrabbitshasmajorityblackfurbecausethebrownonesare randomlyeliminated. 4.GeneFlow:Themovementofgenesfromonepopulationofanimalstoanotherdueto individualsimmigrating/emigrating Ex.Awhiterabbitmovesintoablackpopulationofrabbits. 5.Non-randommating–Organismschoosethebestmatebyselectingthebestgenesinthe mate.Noteverybodygetstomate. Ex.Thestrongestmaleliongetstomatewiththefemalelions.Theweakmalesdon’t gettomate Beabletodeterminewhichagentisappliedtoacertainscenario. See“AgentsofEvolution”worksheetforscenorios 12. Beabletodefineandgiveexamplesofthe3typesofselection. Beabletodeterminewhichtypeofselectionacertainscenariois. Directional–oneextremeisselectedforandoneextremeisselectedagainst Disruptive–bothextremesareselectedforandthemediumisselectedagainst Stabilizing–bothextremesareselectedagainstandthemediumisselectedfor. 13. KnowthedefinitionsandexamplesofHomologous,Analogous,VestigialStructures. Homologous–samestructurebecamedifferentindifferentorganismsastheyevolved differently(ex.Ourarmandawhalesflipper) Analogous–DifferentstructuresevolvetohavethesameFUNCTION.(batwingvsbutterfly wing) Vestigial–structuresthatusedtohaveafunctionbutnolongerhaveapurpose(human appendix) 14. Listtheevidencesofevolutionasdescribedinthenotes. (seenotesdirectlycopyhere) 15. Howdoesembryologyhelpgroupanimalstogether Themoresimilarlytheydevelopthemorecloselytheyarerelated.
