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TOPIC 4 – THE MOVING CRUST 1. What are the five layers of the earth? p. 382 Give 2 key pts. for each. 1. Crust – 5-60km deep, what we live on, plants, oil, gas 2. Upper Mantle – 1000 degrees C, solid, made of rock, 670km wide 3. Lower Mantle – 4000 degrees C, consistency of taffy, 2885km wide, can flow very slowly 4. Outer Core – 5500 degrees C, 2270km wide, iron and nickel composition, LIQUID 5. Inner Core – 6000 degrees C, 1216km to center, high pressure, SOLID 2. Draw a diagram of the earth. Include – Crust, Upper & Lower Mantel, Outer and Inner Core. p. 382 3. Who is Alfred Wegener? What were some of his ideas? p. 383 - Scientist that studied fossils of plants and animals on different continents. - He wondered about the fit of the continents and the locations of the fossils he found. -Came up with the theory of continental drift – once the continents were joined, then they slowly moved apart to their current locations. 4. Please list the evidence Wegener used to help support his theory. p. 384 - Fossils from plants and animals - Interlocking shapes of the continents - Rocks (ex. Mountain range in North America and Britain were the same type and age) - Climatic changes (glaciers were once in now warm regions, coal deposits) 5. What does SONAR stands for? When is it used? p. 386 Sound Navigation and Ranging – uses sound wave technology to determine the depth of the ocean floor/features by measuring how long it takes the sound waves to bounce back 6. When scientists used sonar, what did they discover about the oceans? - They found mountain ranges, ridges, and trenches - Mid-Atlantic Ridge 7. What is the Mid-Atlantic Ridge? p. 388 - A mountain ridge that stretches from North to South in the Atlantic Ocean between North America and Europe/Africa. - Evidence of magnetic reversals and sea-floor spreading 8. What is the theory about the sea floor spreading? What is some evidence of sea floor spreading? P.388 - Sea-floor spreading is the process in which the ocean floor at the Mid-Atlantic ridge slowly increases in size over time due to new igneous rock being formed along a fault - Evidence: magnetic reversals, rock samples showing younger rock at the ridge and older rock toward the continents 9. Define diverging plates – two plates that are pulling apart Converging plates – two plates that are pushing together 10. What is the Theory of Plate Tectonics? P.390 - The theory that Earth’s crust is broken up into pieces called plates. These plates are always moving on Earth’s mantle. 11. Who is Tuzo Wilson? P.390 - A Canadian scientist that contributed to the theory of plate tectonics by suggesting that plates could also slide past each other. 12. What are Convection Currents? What do they cause? P.392 - The flow resulting from the rise of warmer materials and the sinking of cooler materials - They cause the Earth’s tectonic plates to move. 13. When does a subduction zone occur? - When two plates collide or converge, one plate (the more dense plate) gets shoved under the other plate, creating a subduction zone 14. Could convection currents cause the Atlantic Ocean to widen? - Yes; the convection currents in the mantle may be causing the Atlantic Ocean to widen at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (diverging ocean plates) 15. Why is the theory of plate tectonics a unifying theory to explain volcanoes and earthquakes? P.393 - It is a single theory that explains different natural events and landforms; its our best explanation for earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain formation. 16. Please sketch and label Figure 5.46 on p. 392-393. Be sure you label all arrows and letters and get the information from A, B & C. Continental Plate + Continental Plate = mountains Continental Plate + Oceanic Plate = volcanoes and mountain Oceanic Plate + Oceanic Plate = island arcs and volcanoes Topic 4 Review – p. 394 #1, 2, 4, 5, 6