Download Jim Crow Laws - Ms Roache`s Place

Reconstruction
Reconstruction is the time period in the United States after the Civil War.
Reconstruction attempted to give meaning to the freedom that former enslaved
African Americans had achieved.
The Reconstruction policies were harsh and created problems in the South.
Reconstruction policies & problems
1. Southern military leaders could not hold office.
2. African Americans could hold public office.
3. African Americans gained equal rights as a result of the Civil Rights Act of
1866, which also authorized the use of federal troops for its enforcement.
4. Northern soldiers supervised the South.
5. The Freedmen’s Bureau was established to aid former enslaved African
Americans in the South.
6. Southerners resented Northern “carpetbaggers” who took advantage of the
South during Reconstruction.
7. Southern states adopted Black Codes to limit the economic and physical
freedom of former slaves.
The Amendments
The 13th, 14th & 15th Amendments to the Constitution of the United States of America
address the issues of slavery and guarantee equal protection under the law for all
citizens.

The 13th Amendment bans slavery in the US and all of its territories.

The 14th Amendment grants citizenship to all persons born in the US &

The 15th Amendment ensures all citizens the right to vote regardless of
guarantees them equal protection under the law. (Due Process)
race, color or previous condition of servitude.
These three amendments guarantee equal protection under the law for
all citizens.
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The actions of Abraham Lincoln, Robert E. Lee, and Frederick Douglass
created lasting impacts.
Abraham Lincoln

His reconstruction plan called for
reconciliation.

Preservation of the Union was more
important to him than punishing
the South.
Robert E. Lee

Urged Southerners to reconcile with
Northerners at the end of the war and
reunite as Americans when some wanted
to continue to fight.

He became the president of Washington
College, which is now known as
Washington and Lee University.
Fredrick Douglas

Fought for the adoption of constitutional
amendments that guaranteed voting
rights.

Was a powerful voice for human rights
and civil liberties for all.
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Jim Crow Laws
Jim Crow Laws are laws that were passed in the southern states almost
immediately after reconstruction ended in 1877. The laws were passed to discriminate
against African-Americans and to segregate them from white society. Even though
other groups were also affected by the Jim Crow Laws, The American Indian for
example, the Laws were directed at the African-Americans.
Jim Crow Laws were characterized by unequal opportunities in housing, work,
education and government. That means that because of the Jim Crow Laws AfricanAmericans could not live where they wanted to, they had to go to different schools than
the white children, they were not able to get good jobs, and they were not always able
vote or run for office and participate in the government.
African-Americans responded differently to Jim Crow. The two best examples of
this are Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Dubois.
Facts you gotta know!
1. Discrimination against African-Americans continued after
Reconstruction.
2.
Jim Crow laws institutionalized a system of legal
segregation.
(that means that laws made discrimination & segregation legal)
3.
Jim Crow laws were passed to discriminate against AfricanAmericans.
4. African Americans differed in their response to
discrimination and Jim Crow.
5. Plessy v Ferguson was the Supreme Court case that made
“Separate but Equal” legal.
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Racial Segregation
1. Is separation based on race. (what color you are)
2. Directed primarily against African-Americans, but other groups were kept
segregated as well. (primarily means mainly)
Jim Crow Laws
1. Made discrimination practices legal in many communities
and states.
2. Were characterized by unequal opportunities in the
Following:
1. housing
2. work
3. education
4. government
African-American Response
1. Booker T. Washington
He believed that African-Americans could
achieve equality through Vocational Education.
He also accepted social separation.
IN OTHER WORDS
Booker T. Washington thought that African-Americans
could get equal rights if they learned a trade. He also was
okay with the races being separated socially as long as
they had equal rights when it came to housing, work,
education and government.
2. W.E.B. DuBois
He believed in full political, civil and
social rights for African-Americans.
IN OTHER WORDS
W.E.B. DuBois thought that everyone should be equal.
He wanted it to happen right away, he did not think anyone
should have to “gain” equal rights, it should be equal, period.
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The Great Plains
The highlighted part of this map shows the
area known as the Great Plains. In 1862, the
United States opened up the Great Plains to
settlers through the Homestead Act. This gave
people 160 acres of land for about $10.00 if
they would live on the land and farm it for 5
years. The government did this so that people
would move there.
Physical Features and Climate of the Great Plains
(what the Great Plains looked like and what the weather was like)
1. The Great Plains were flatlands that gradually rose from
east to west. (The Rocky Mountains were in the west, that is why the land
rose.)
2. The land was eroded by wind and water.
3. There was low rainfall.
4. There were frequent dust storms.
The description above doesn’t make the Great Plains look like a nice place to live. It was
very hard to survive there. Besides all of the stuff above, the Great Plains didn’t have lots of
trees, so there wasn’t much wood to make houses or fences with. The land on the Great Plains
was hard and would easily break the wooden plows the farmers used. There wasn’t much rain
so it was hard to make things grow. Before the Civil War, people thought of the Great Plains as
a treeless wasteland. Then things started to change. There were new inventions, and people
made adaptations to their lives and tools to make life easier on the Plains. Some of the
inventions and adaptations people made are listed on the next page.
New opportunities and technological advances led to westward
migration following the Civil War.
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Inventions/Adaptations
1. Barbed Wire – This made it easier to make a fence because you didn’t need as
much wood.
2. Steel Plows – This made the plow better by making the part that goes in the
ground out of steel. Now it would not break.
3. Dry Farming – This has the farmers let part of their field rest every year, that way
it would have two years to soak up the moisture from the little bit
of rain.
4. Sod Houses – This made it easier for the farmers to build houses. They used sod
to make their houses.
5. Beef Cattle - The farmers and ranchers got the idea for this from the buffalo.
They were looking for an animal that could live well on the Plains and
longhorn cattle were close to the buffalo that had lived on the
Plains for thousands of years.
6. Wheat Farming – This came from Russian Immigrants. The type of wheat seeds
they brought with them did not need lots of water.
7. Windmills – This helped farmers pump water out of the deep wells they had
to have to reach the water underground.
8. Railroads – This was a new technology and made it easier for the people to
get supplies in and out of the Plains. It also made transportation
easier. The best example is the Transcontinental Railroad that
connected the east and west parts of the country.
Facts you gotta know!
1. During the 19th century, people’s perception and use
of the Great Plains changed.
2. Technological advances allowed people to live in
more challenging environments.
3. Because of new technologies, people saw the Great Plains
not as a “treeless wasteland” BUT AS “a vast area to
be settled.”
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Reasons for Westward Expansion
1. Opportunities for land ownership.
The Homestead Act gave many people a chance to own their own land.
2. Technological advances, including the Transcontinental Railroad.
Technology made life on the Great Plains easier. The railroad made it easier to get
things into and out of the Great Plains
3. Possibility of wealth created by the discovery of gold and silver.
Gold was discovered in the Black Hills of the Dakotas, and silver in Colorado.
Some people went west hoping to get rich.
4. Adventure
These guys just wanted to have fun!
5. A new beginning for former slaves.
The Civil War and slavery was over, many former slaves went west to start over.
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Know the following:
Other Cultural Conflicts
Immigrants
Two groups of immigrants that were discriminated against were the Irish and the
Chinese. Both of these groups worked on the Transcontinental Railroad.
Indian policies and wars

US government wanted to place American Indians onto reservations. The
Indians did not want to go to the reservations. This caused much of the
conflict between the US government and the American Indian as the
government forced the relocation from traditional lands to reservations.

There were assimilation attempts and lifestyle changes such as the
reduction of the buffalo population and Indian boarding schools.

The Battle of Little Bighorn. The Sioux Indians led by Sitting Bull killed
General Custer and all his troops. Also known as Custer’s Last Stand.
The Sioux Indians won the battle.

Chief Joseph. Chief of the Nez Perce Tribe. His tribe tried to make it to
Canada rather than be sent to a reservation. The US Calvary stopped
them 40 miles from the border. Chief Joseph surrendered and made a
famous speech……
“……..Hear me my chiefs! I am tired. My heart is sick
and sad. From where the sun now stands, I will fight no
more forever.”

Geronimo was the last American Indian to hold out against the US
government. Geronimo was an Apache warrior.

The American Indian population was reduced through warfare and
disease. An example is the Battle of Wounded Knee where 300 Lakota
Souix were massacred by the US cavalry in December of 1890.

The American Indians homelands were reduced through treaties that
were broken.

American Indians were not considered citizens until 1924.
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Industrialization
After the Civil War life in America started to change. The biggest change was
that America was turning from an agricultural nation into an industrial nation. That
means that even though farms were still an important part of American life more people
were starting to live in the cities and work in factories instead of living in the country
and working on farms. Mechanization was one reason this change was taking place.
Mechanization is when a machine does the work that people once did. The best
example of this is the reaper. The reaper was a machine that cut grain (wheat). It
could do the work of six men. So, if you owned a farm, it made more sense to use the
reaper than to pay six men to do the work. This cut down on the amount of jobs on the
farms. At the same time this was happening on the farms, factories that were being
built in the cities were creating jobs. (that’s called industrial development) All the
factories that were being built were making lots of stuff that people wanted to buy.
That gave Americans access to consumer products. (consumer products are the stuff
people buy) One of the ways people found out about all the stuff that was being made
was mail order catalogs.
Facts you gotta know!
Between The Civil War and WWI, The United States was
transformed from an agricultural nation to an industrial
nation.
Postwar changes in farm and city life
1.
Mechanization, the reaper, had reduced farm labor needs
and increased production. (mechanization is machines doing the work
humans once to do.)
2. Industrial development in the cities created increased labor
needs. (the more factories that were built, the more jobs there were.)
3. Industrialization provided access to consumer goods.
(mail order catalogs made it possible for goods to reach far away from the
factories)
In order to make all this work, there needed to be a way to get things from one place to
another easily. The completion of the Transcontinental Railroad helped this happen.
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Advances in Transportation
Stuff you gotta know!
1. Advances in transportation linked resources,
products and markets.
That means that the Transcontinental Railroad helped get raw materials
from the mines to the factories to make the products, and then get the products
to the markets to sell them.
2.
Manufacturing areas were clustered near population centers.
That means that the factories were built near where lots of people lived.
Transportation of Resources
1. Moving natural resources (lead & copper) to eastern factories
2. Moving iron ore deposits to sites of steel mills.
(like Pittsburgh)
3. Transporting finished products to national markets.
resources leave
the mines
The railroads take
the resources to
the factories
The factories use
the resources to
make products
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The railroads then
take the products
to markets around
the country.
Examples of Manufacturing Areas
1. Textile Industry
2. Automobile Industry
3. Steel Industry
New England
Detroit
Pittsburgh
Examples of Big Business
1. Oil
2. Steel
3. Railroads
Captains of Industry
John D. Rockefeller
Oil
Andrew Carnegie
Steel
Henry Ford
Automobiles
Corneliua Vanderbilt
Railroad
Inventions that added to great change and industrial growth
1. Electric lighting and other uses for electricity
Thomas Edison
2. Telephone service
Alexander Graham Bell
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Immigration
Reasons for immigration
1. Hope for better opportunities
Many people around the world come to the US for a better life.
2. Escape from oppressive governments
Oppressive means cruel, not all governments in the world are fair.
3. Religious Freedom
People want to worship their own way. Not all countries in the world
allow people to do that. People come to America so that they can
worship as they want.
4. Adventure
Some people just want to have fun.
KNOW THAT:
Rapid industrialization and urbanization led to overcrowded
immigrant neighborhoods and tenements.


Industrialization is the build up of industries/factories.
Urbanization is the build up of cities.
What this means is that the factories were being built so quickly and people were
moving into the cities so quickly that it caused some problems. One of those problems
was overcrowded immigrant neighborhoods and tenements. A tenement is a run down
apartment building that has way to many people living in it. These neighborhoods were
called ghettos. Another problem was political corruption. That means the government
was not doing the right things. An example of this is political machines. Political
machines were both good and bad. One way they were good was that they helped
some immigrants find a place to live and a job. The bad part was that they stole from
the cities they worked for and many times they cheated during elections. They were
basically bullies.
12
Reasons that cities developed
1. Specialized industries including steel in Pittsburg &
meatpacking in Chicago.
2. Immigration from other countries.
(most of these people settled in the cities)
3. Movement of Americans from rural areas to urban areas
in search of job opportunities.
Factors resulting in the growth of industry
(How come industries got big?)
1. Access to raw materials and energy (Transcontinental Railroad)
2. Availability of work force (immigrants and Americans moving from farms)
3. Inventions (people could work longer and faster, communication was better)
4. Financial Resources
(It takes lots of money to run industries. The captains
of industry were really really rich)
Basically, you just need to look at the reasons listed to remember this. There was plenty of stuff
(the raw materials) there was an easy way to get the stuff to the factory (The Transcontinental
Railroad) there were plenty of people to hire to work in the factories (the farm workers and
immigrants) and there are some new inventions that make work easier and the people running
many businesses had lots of money they were more than willing to invest so that they could
make more money.
Reasons for the rise and prosperity of big business
(What helped the big businesses make money?)
1. National markets created by transportation advances.
(The Transcontinental Railroad made this possible by taking products all over the
country so they could be sold.)
2. Captains of Industry
(They had lots of money to invest in industry and they wanted more money
so, they were willing to spend their money in order to make businesses get
bigger.)
3. Advertising
(Businesses had to advertise so that people would know what they had to sell)
4. Lower-cost production
(because of things like the Transcontinental Railroad & assembly line it didn’t
cost as much to make things. So, the businesses made more money)
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Challenges for Cities
1. Tenements and ghettos
3.
4.
5.
Political Corruption (political machines)
Population changes, growth of cities, and new inventions
produced interaction and often conflict between different
cultural groups.
Population changes, growth of cities and new inventions
produced problems in urban areas.
Efforts to solve immigration problems
1. Settlement Houses like Hull House that was founded by
Jane Addams.
Jane Addams
2. Political Machines that gained power attending to the needs
of immigrants. (helping find jobs & housing)
Political Machines were both good and bad,
Negative effects of
Industrialization
Progressive Movement
workplace reforms
These were the problems that
Industrialization caused
These were some of the ways people
tried to fix the problems.
Child labor
Restrictions placed on child labor
Low wages, long hours
Reduced work hours
Unsafe working conditions
Improved safety conditions
The effects of industrialization led to the rise of organized labor and
important workplace reforms
Rise of organized labor


Formation of Unions – Growth of American Federation of Labor (AFL)
Strikes – Aftermath of the Homestead Strike
The Homestead Strike took place in a steel mill located in Homestead Pennsylvania just outside
of Pittsburgh. The strike started over a dispute in wages (pay) for the steel workers. The strike
turned out to be very violent and the state militia was eventually called in to help maintain order.
The Union lost the strike and Carnegie’s steel mills remained union free for over 40 years.
14
Spanish American War
The Spanish American War lasted for just four months in 1898. Three years
earlier in 1895 Cuba had begun a revolution against Spain in order to gain their
independence. American businesses had lots of money invested in Cuban sugar
plantations. Many Americans also lived in Cuba running these businesses. Americans
were concerned that the revolution could hurt the profits of their businesses. Americans
also supported the Cuban rebels in their fight to gain independence, after all it had only
been about 100 years or so since America had fought it’s own war for independence.
The reasons for America getting involved and the results of the war are listed below.
Reasons for the Spanish American War
1. Protection of American business interests in Cuba
2. American support of Cuban rebels to gain independence
from Spain.
3. Rising tensions as a result of the sinking of the USS Maine
in Havana Harbor. (Spain was blamed for this.)
4. Exaggerated news reports of events (yellow journalism)
Results of The Spanish American War
1. The United States emerged as a world power.
2. Cuba gained it’s independence from Spain.
6.
The United States gained possession of :
Guam,
The Philippines
Puerto Rico.
FACT YOU GOTTA KNOW
Economic interests and public opinion often influence US involvement in international
affairs.
THAT MEANS THAT, money and what people think have a lot to do with if the US will
get involved in something.
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Theodore Roosevelt was a Lt. Col.
During the Spanish American War,
he led the 1st United States
Volunteer Cavalry, also known as
the Rough Riders during the
Spanish American War. He was
also the 26th President of the
United States.
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The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
 Asserted the United States’ right to interfere in the economic matters of
other nations in the Americas.

Claimed the United States’ right to exercise international police power.

Advocated Big Stick Diplomacy. (building the Panama Canal)
Roosevelt expanded the Monroe Doctrine as a way
to prevent European involvement in the affairs of
Latin American countries.
Big Stick Diplomacy
Big Stick Diplomacy was how Theodore Roosevelt’s foreign policy was described.
Roosevelt got the phrase from an African proverb – "Speak softly and carry a big stick;
you will go far." – When he became president in 1901, several Latin American countries
were behind on debt payments to European nations. Worried that European nations
might threaten action against the countries, Roosevelt announced what became known
as the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine in 1904. Roosevelt promised to
protect Latin American nations, and he said that the United States had the right to
intervene to ensure Latin American states met their financial responsibilities to other
nations.
After the U.S. Navy made an impressive showing in the Spanish-American War (1898),
Roosevelt continued to expand the Navy. In 1907, a "Great White Fleet" of American
ships went on a world cruise to demonstrate the "big-stick" side of Roosevelt diplomacy.
The Monroe Doctrine
The Monroe Doctrine was a Proclamation in 1823 by President James Monroe. Basically
it told European countries to stay out of the Americas & not to become involved in
political matters in Central & South America.
The Panama Canal
A ship canal, about 51 mi long, it
crosses the Isthmus of Panama and
connects the Caribbean Sea with the
Pacific Ocean. It was started in 1881
by the French, but they abandoned
it in 1889. The United States gained
construction rights after Panama
declared its independence in 1903,
and the canal was opened on
August 15, 1914.
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Early 20th Century
As the 20th century began, there were many changes in American life. We studied three
areas where big changes happened that affected the way Americans lived. They were
transportation, communications, & electrification.
FACT YOU GOTTA KNOW
Technology extended progress into all areas of American life,
including neglected rural areas.
Transportation Changes
1. The use of the assembly line by Henry Ford made
automobiles more affordable for Americans. This also
showed a rise in mechanization.
2. Transportation improved because more people had
automobiles.
Results of improved transportation brought on by affordable
automobiles. this means what happened because of better transportation.
1. Greater mobility
This means people could move around better.
2. Creation of jobs – to make cars, sell them, service them,
build roads, etc.
7.
Growth of transportation related industries –
road construction, oil, steel.
4. Movement to suburban areas.
This means that people started to move to
live on the outskirts of the cities.
Other Transportation Changes

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Invention of the airplane
o The Wright Brothers
Communication changes
1. Increased availability of telephones
2. Development of the radio & the broadcast industry.
Guglielmo Marconi was the first to send wireless signals
Guglielmo Marconi
developed the radio
3. Development of movies
Ways Electrification changed American Life
1. Labor-saving products like washing machines, electric
stoves and water pumps.
2. Electric lights
3. Entertainment (radio was possible with electricity)
4. Improved communications
The labor saving products gave American families more free time. Electric lights and
radio improved life. Lights gave people more flexibility, the radio helped with
communication, enabling almost instant communication around the country.
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World War I
World War I started in Europe in 1914. The United States did not join the war
until 1917. Below is what you will be expected to know about this war.
Allied Powers
Central Powers
British Empire
France
Serbia
Belgium
Russia (until 1917)
United States
German Empire
Bulgaria
Ottoman Empire
Austro-Hungarian Empire
The United States’ involvement in WWI ended a long tradition of avoiding
involvement in European conflicts and set the stage for the United States to
emerge as a global superpower later in the 20th century.
There were disagreements about the extent to which the United States
should participate in world affairs.
Reasons for US involvement in WWI
1.
2.
3.
4.
Inability to remain neutral
US economic and political ties to Great Britain
German submarine warfare – sinking of the Lusitania
The Zimmerman Telegram
US leadership as the war ended
1. At the end of WWI, President Woodrow Wilson
prepared a peace plan called the 14 points.
The plan called for the formation of The League
of Nations, a peace keeping organization.
2. The US decided not to join The League of Nations because politicians were
worried about being caught up in future European wars. Because of this the
Senate failed to ratify the Treaty of Versailles.
A new type of fighting was introduced during WWI. It was called trench warfare. At the
beginning of WWI British and French generals were not sure how to stop the Germans. They
decided to “dig in” and ordered the construction of the trenches to act as a barrier against the
Germans. The trenches were not just for fighting, the soldiers stayed in them 24 hours a day.
Trench warfare was not easy, there were many problems that came along with being stuck in the
mud day after day. Some of them were body lice, rats the size of rabbits and trench foot. Many
soldiers would become sick just from being in the trenches.
20
The Great Migration
The Great Migration north and west started when great numbers of African
Americans moved north in search of better lives. The Great Migration went from about
1910 until the middle of the 1900s (1940s & 1950s)
Reasons for The Great Migration
1. Jobs for African Americans in the south were scarce and low
paying.
2. African-Americans faced discrimination and violence in the
South.
3. African-Americans moved to cities in the north & midwest in search of
better employment opportunities.
4. African-Americans also faced discrimination in the north.
Economic conditions & violence led to the migration of people
The Great Migration series by Jacob Lawrence
21
The Temperance Movement & Prohibition
The Temperance Movement was part of the Progressive Movement. It was
made up of groups that thought drinking was wrong. They worked hard to make it
illegal to make, transport and sell alcoholic beverages. Below is what you will be
expected to know.
Temperance Movement
1. Made up of groups opposed to the making and consuming of
alcoholic beverages
2. The groups supported the 18th Amendment prohibiting the
manufacturing, sale and transport of alcoholic beverages.
Results of Prohibition The 18th Amendment
1. Speakeasies were created as places for people to drink alcoholic
beverages.
2. Bootleggers smuggled illegal alcohol and promoted organized crime.
KNOW THE FOLLOWING FACTS:
Prohibition was imposed by a constitutional Amendment that
made it illegal to manufacture, transport or sell alcoholic
beverages.
The growth Organized Crime was an
unexpected result of Prohibition.
This proved that reforms in the early
20th Century could not legislate how
all people behaved.
Prohibition was repealed with the
21st Amendment.
22
Women’s Suffrage
Women were not allowed to vote in America until 1920. The women’s suffrage
movement worked hard to get the 19th Amendment passed giving women this right.
The suffrage movement was not only about voting rights, but women’s rights in general.
It was also part of the Progressive Movement. Below is what you will be expected to
know.
Women’s Suffrage
1.
2.
3.
4.
Worked to gain the right to vote for women.
Worked to gain increased educational opportunities for women.
The 19th Amendment gave women the right to vote.
Susan B. Anthony & Elizabeth Cady Stanton worked for women’s suffrage.
Susan B. Anthony &
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
23
The Harlem Renaissance
The Harlem Renaissance was a cultural movement that took place in
the 1920’s and 1930’s. It started and was centered in a neighborhood
in New York City called Harlem. It was the first time that publishers
and critics took African American literature and art seriously. It was also
the first time that white society in the United States embraced African
American arts as well.
The leaders of the Harlem Renaissance drew upon the heritage of African
American culture to establish themselves as powerful forces for cultural
change.
People you gotta know from the Harlem Renaissance
Langson Hughes was a
poet who combined the
experiences of African
and American cultural
roots
Bessie Smith
was a Blues
Singer
Duke Ellington and
Louis Armstrong were
both Jazz composers
Jacob Lawrence was a
painter who chronicled
the experience of the
Great Migration North
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African American artists, writers, and musicians based in Harlem revealed the
freshness and variety of African American culture
Other people you need to know during the 1920’s and 1930’s
Georgia O’keeffe
painted urban scenes
then later switched to
scenes of the Southwest
F. Scott Fitzgerald wrote
about the Jazz Age of
the 1920’s. He wrote
The Great Gatsby
George Gershwin and
Aaron Copland were
both composers of
uniquely American
music.
John Steinbeck wrote about the poor
migrant workers of the 1930’s. He wrote
The Grapes of Wrath.
25
The Great Depression
The Great Depression started in 1929. For over a decade life was very hard in
America. Jobs were hard to find, many banks and businesses closed, many people
found themselves homeless. Below is what you will be expected to know about this
time.
Know the following facts:
1. The optimism of the 1920s concealed problems in the
American economic system and attitudes about the role of government in
controlling the economy. (basically, things were so good in the 20’s that no
one wanted to think about any problems.)
2. The Great Depression had a widespread and severe impact
on American life.
Causes of The Great Depression
1. People over-speculated on stocks, using borrowed money that they could not
repay when stock prices crashed.
2. The Federal Reserve failed to prevent the collapse of the banking system.
3. High Tariffs discouraged international trade.
How were the lives of Americans affected by The Great Depression?
(What was the impact on Americans)
1. A large number of banks and other businesses failed.
2. One-fourth (1/4) of workers were without jobs.
3. Large numbers of people were hungry and homeless.
4. Farmers’ incomes fell to low levels.
26
The New Deal
Franklin D. Roosevelt became president in 1933. He promised a “New Deal” to
help the nation recover from the Depression. The New Deal did a lot to help, but The
Great Depression would not truly end until WWII. Below is what you need to know
about The New Deal.
Major features of The New Deal
1. Social Security
2. Federal work programs
3. Environmental improvement programs
4. Farm assistance programs
5. Increased rights for labor
KNOW THE FOLLOWING FACT:
Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal used government programs to
help the nation recover from the Depression.
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World War II
The causes of WWII: There are two main causes of WWII they are;
1. The political instability and economic devastation in Europe
resulting from World War I.
2. The rise of Fascism
You need to understand the above two causes. Think of them this way.
The first cause is the political instability and economic devastation in Europe
resulting from World War I. An easy explanation of that is….
The governments of countries in Europe were not strong.
Since the governments were having problems, it was hard
for life to get back to normal after WWI. Many countries
were having money problems too. This was because so much
stuff and so many cities, towns and farms were hurt during
WWI, the countries were having a hard time paying for
everything to get fixed. I listed four examples of this that you
need to know….
A. Worldwide depression
It was the 1930’s, the rest of the world was in a
depression just like the United States.
B. High war debt owed by Germany
The other countries in Europe blamed Germany for the
war. They wanted Germany to pay for the damage that
was caused by WWI.
C. High Inflation
This means that people had to pay a lot of money for the
things they needed like food and clothes, even if they
weren’t getting paid a lot of money.
D. Massive Unemployment
This means that many people were out of work. It also means
that there really weren’t any jobs for these people to work in.
The second cause of World War II was the rise of Fascism. That happened
because of the first cause. The definition of fascism and countries that were
considered fascist are below.
Fascism is a political philosophy in which total power is given to a
dictator and individual freedoms are denied. Nationalism and often racism
are emphasized. Germany, Italy and Japan were fascist countries.
Political and economic conditions in Europe following WWI led to the rise of
fascism and to WWII.
The rise of fascism threatened peace in Europe and Asia
28
Change in the American Policy
How and why did American policy toward the war change?
As conflict grew in Europe and Asia, American foreign policy evolved from
neutrality to direct involvement
FIRST
America believed in isolationism. That means the we wanted nothing to do
with the problems other countries were having. We felt this way for two
reasons.
1. The Great Depression was going on. We were having enough
trouble taking care of ourselves. We didn’t want anyone else’s
problems.
2. The legacy of World War I. This means that because we
remembered how bad WWI was, we didn’t want to get
involved in another war.
THEN
America was friends (another word for allies) with Great Britain. We
wanted to help them, but didn’t want to actually be in the war. So we
started giving Economic Aid to the Allies. This was the Lend Lease Act
FINALLY
Direct involvement in the war. That means that finally, the
US was fighting in WWII. That happened because Japan
attacked Pearl Harbor on Dec ember 7, 1941.
1st the US wanted to
be isolated
Next, the US wanted
to help the allies.
29
Finally, the US
gets directly involved
in WWII
War In The Pacific
(How did Pearl Harbor happen?)
1. Rising tension developed between the United States and Japan because of
Japanese aggression in East Asia.
2. On December 7, 1941, Japan attacked the United States at Pearl Harbor without
warning.
3. On December 8, 1941 the United States declared war on Japan.
4. Germany then declared war on the United States.
In other words……..
The United States and Japan were mad at each other. The United
States said it was because Japan was being a bully to the other
countries in East Asia. Japan said it was because it wasn’t any of the
United States business what happened in East Asia. So, after awhile,
Japan thought they could keep The United States out of the war by
destroying the American fleet (navy ships) in the pacific. The ships
were at Pearl Harbor, so Japan bombed Pearl Harbor. The United
States was really mad that Japan bombed Pearl Harbor and said we
weren’t in the war and Japan should have left us alone. We were so
mad that we declared war on Japan.
30
Who was in World War II
ALLIES
Winston Churchill was the leader of
Great Britain
Joseph Stalin was the leader of
The Soviet Union
Franklin D. Roosevelt was the leader of
The United States.
In 1945 Harry Truman became the
leader of the US when FDR died.
THE AXIS
Adolf Hitler was the leader of
Germany
Benito Mussolini was the
leader of Itlay.
Hideki Tojo was the leader of
Japan
31
Major Events and Turning Points of World War II
1. Germany invaded Poland. This started the war in Europe. The Soviet
Union also invaded Poland and the Baltic nations. September 1, 1939
2. Germany invaded France, capturing Paris. May to June 1940
3. The Battle of Britain began and Germany bombed London. Began July 1940,
London started getting bombed September 1940.
4. The United States gave Britain war supplies and old naval warships in
return for military bases in Bermuda and the Caribbean. This was called
Lend – Lease. March 1941
5. Germany invaded the Soviet Union. June 1941
6. Japan bombed Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. On December 8, 1941
the US declared war on Japan. Then Germany declared war on the United
States and finally the United States then declared war on Germany.
7. The United States won the Battle of Midway against Japan. Marking the
turning point of the war in the Pacific. June of 1942.
8. The Soviet Union defeated Germany at Stalingrad, marking the turning
point of the war in Eastern Europe. The battle lasted from September 1942 to
February 1943.
9. American and Allied troops landed in Normandy, France on D-Day to begin
the liberation of Western Europe. June 6, 1944
10. The United States dropped two atomic bombs on Japan. Hiroshima and
Nagasaki were the two cities the atomic bombs were dropped on.
The bombings forced Japan to surrender and ended World War II.
Hiroshima August 6, 1945 ~ Nagasaki August 9, 1945
Despite initial Axis success in both Europe and the Pacific, the Allies
persevered and ultimately defeated Germany and Japan.
32
The Holocaust
The Holocaust was the attempted extermination of all Jews in Europe by the Nazis in
World War II which led to the mass murder of 6 million Jews.
Some of the ways the Nazis tried to do this.
 They threatened Jewish people.
 Then they boycotted Jewish stores.
 Then they segregated Jewish people.
 Then they imprisoned and killed Jews and other groups the Nazis wanted
to get rid of. They sent them to concentration camps where many were
gassed and others were worked to death.
After the war, Allied forces liberated the concentration camps.
The Holocaust is an example of prejudice and discrimination taken to the extreme
The Homefront
1. American involvement in World War II ended the Great Depression. Factories
and workers were needed to produce goods to win the war.
2. Thousands of American women took jobs in defense plants during the war. A
symbol used to encourage this was Rosie the Riveter.
3. Americans at home supported the war by conserving and rationing resources.
4. The need for workers temporarily broke down some racial barriers. But, there
was still discrimination.
5. While many Japanese Americans served in the armed forces, others were treated
with distrust and prejudice, and many were forced into interment camps.
o
o
WWII affected every aspect of American life
Americans were asked to make sacrifices in support of the war effort and the
ideals for which Americans fought.
33
Post War Stuff
The United States Role as a World Leader:
Much of Europe was in ruins after World War II. Soviet forces occupied most of Eastern
and Central Europe and the eastern part of Germany. The United States felt it was in it’s
best interest to rebuild Europe and prevent political and economic instability. In others
words….The US wanted to rebuild Europe to keep another war from starting.
The United Nations was formed near the end of World War II to create a body for the
nations of the world to try to prevent future global wars.
Learning from the mistakes of the past, the US accepted
its role as a world superpower, helping to rebuild Europe
and Japan and taking the leading role in establishing the
United Nations.
Rebuilding Efforts

The United States instituted George C. Marshall’s plan to
rebuild Europe. It was called the Marshall Plan. It
provided for massive financial aid to rebuild European
economies and prevent the spread of communism.
George C. Marshall

Germany was divided into East and West Germany.
o West Germany became democratic and went back to self-government
after a few years of American, British and French occupation.
o East Germany remained under the control of the Soviet Union and did not
take on democratic institutions.

Following its defeat, Japan was occupied by American forces.
o Japan soon had a democratic form of government, started selfgovernment, and became a strong ally of the United States.
Prosperity





With rationing of consumer goods over, business converted (changed) from
production of war materials to consumer goods.
Americans purchased goods on credit.
The workforce shifted back to men, and most women returned to family
responsibilities.
Labor unions merged (joined together) and became more powerful. Workers got
new benefits and higher salaries.
As economic prosperity continued and technology boomed, the next generation
of women re-entered the labor force in large numbers
34
Following WWII, Americans prospered due to an expanding economy
stimulated by America’s involvement in the war.
This is a map
of how
Germany was
divided after
WWII. Below
is a map of
how Berlin was
divided.
35
THE COLD WAR
Cold War = The state of tension without actual fighting between the United
States and the Soviet Union, which divided the world into two camps.
The United States and the Soviet Union emerged from World War II as world
powers. The two countries had lots of differences. They had always had lots of
differences, but had been able to come together to defeat an enemy they both
had….Hitler. Now that WWII was over, the tension between the two countries
became very bad. The Cold War started. It was the main thing that formed
foreign affairs for forty years.
Origins of the Cold War
The United States and the Soviet Union emerged from World War II as world powers,
triggering a rivalry over ideology and national security.
1. Differences in goals and ideologies between the United States and the
Soviet Union. Goals & ideologies means what the countries wanted, and
what they believed.


The United States was democratic and capitalist
The Soviet Union was dictatorial and communist
2. The Soviet Union’s domination over Eastern European countries.
3. American policy of containment this was to stop the spread of communism.
4.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization ~ NATO ~ was made up of the
United States, Canada and some Western European countries. It was
formed to protect from Soviet aggression.
5. Warsaw Pact was made up of The Soviet Union and other Eastern
European countries. The Warsaw Pact was an answer to NATO.
The Cold War was the central
organizing principle in foreign
affairs for 40 years.
36
Major Conflicts in the Post-World War II Era
Since WWII, the United States has been directly involved in various
conflicts that reflected the divisions created by Cold War tensions and
hostilities.
The tension between the free world and the communist world caused
divisiveness at home and abroad.
1. The Korean War (1950-1953)
South Korea and the United States resisted Chinese and North Korean
aggression. The conflict ended in a stalemate. In other words, no one
won…it was a tie.
2. The Cuban Missile Crisis (October 1962)
The Cuban Missile Crisis occurred when the Soviet Union placed missiles in
Cuba. The Soviets removed the missiles in response to a US blockade.
John F. Kennedy was President of the US during this crisis.
3. The Vietnam War (1965-1975)
The United States intervened to stop the spread of communism into South
Vietnam. Americans were divided over whether the United States should be
involved militarily in Vietnam. The conflict ended in a cease fire agreement
in which US troops withdrew.
Collapse of Communism and New Challenges

Breakup of the Soviet Union into independent countries.

Destruction of the Berlin Wall.
By the late 1980’s The Soviet Union was starting to lose it’s
grip on Eastern Europe. Many of the Eastern European
countries demanded their independence. Communism was being
replaced with a free market system. On November 9-11, 1989
the Berlin Wall came tumbling down as hundreds of thousands
of people cheered and the world watched.
Challenges After The Cold War



Role of US military intervention.
Environmental challenges.
Global issues, including trade, jobs, diseases, energy.
37
Civil Rights
Some Effects of Segregation



Separated educational facilities and resources for white and African
American students.
Separated public facilities like restrooms, drinking, fountains,
restaurants.
Social isolation of races.
The Civil Rights Movement resulted in legislation that ensured
constitutional rights to all citizens of the United States regardless of
race.
Civil Rights Movement
1. Brown v. Board of Education required the desegregation of schools.
2. Martin Luther King, Jr. practiced passive resistance against segregated
facilities. Most famous speech…..I have a dream……
3. Rosa Parks --- Montgomery Bus Boycott
4. Organized protests like freedom rides, sit-ins, marches & boycotts.
5. Expansion of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored
People ~ NAACP
6. Civil Rights Act of 1964
Banned discrimination based on race, gender or national origin.
The Civil Rights Act benefited all minorities.
7. Voting Rights Act of 1965
Banned voting discrimination, outlawed literacy tests.
38
Changing Role of Women
Women activists were inspired by the achievements of the Civil Rights Movement
and took action to gain equality for women, particularly in the workplace.
Workplace disadvantages

Discrimination in hiring practices against women.

Lower wages for women than for men doing the same job.
Improved conditions

National Organization for Women ~ NOW

Federal legislation to force colleges to give women equal athletic
opportunities.

The Equal Rights Amendment, despite its failure, and a focus on
equal opportunity employment created a wider range of options
and advancement for women in business and public service.
39
Changing Patterns in US Society After WWII & The Cold War
Changing patterns in American society since the end of WWII changed
the way most Americans lived and worked.

Strong economy….healthy job market, increased productivity, increased demand
for American products.

Greater investment in education.

The Baby Boom which led to changing demographics.

Interstate highway system.

Evolving role of women (expected to play supporting role in the family, but
increasingly working outside the home.)

Role of Eleanor Roosevelt in expanding women’s rights.


African Americans’ aspirations for equal opportunities.
Eleanor Roosevelt was not
just the wife of FDR, she
worked hard to gain rights
for women and other
minorities.
Policies and programs expanding educational and employment
opportunities

G.I. Bill of Rights gave educational, housing, and employment benefits to WWII
veterans.

Truman desegregated the armed forces.

Civil Rights legislation led to increased educational, economic, and political
opportunities for women and minorities.
40
Between the end of WWII and the present, the world has been
marked by an increase in globalization and interdependence.
Globalization is the linking of nations through trade, information, technologies
and communication.
 Globalization involves increased integration of different societies.
Impact of globalization on American Life
 Improvement of all communications
 Availability of a wide variety of foreign-made goods & services
 Outsourcing of jobs.

Peacetime Technologies
After the war, Americans turned their energies to the development of
peacetime technologies.
New technologies in communication, entertainment and business have
dramatically affected American life.
Industries benefiting from new technologies

Airline industry……Jets

Automobile industry and interstate highway system.

Entertainment and news media industry.

Exploration of space.

Computer industry.

Satellite system……telecommunications….pagers, cell phones, TV.

Internet

Increased domestic and international travel for business and pleasure.

Greater access to news and other information.

Cheaper and more convenient means of communication.

Greater access to heating and air conditioning improved the quality of life
and encouraged population growth in certain areas of the country.

Decreased regional variation, resulting from nationwide access to
entertainment and information provided by national television and radio
programming, Internet services, computer games.
Impact of New Technologies on American Life
41
American foreign policy, immigration policies, energy policies and
environmental policies affect people both in the United States and in
other countries.
Foreign Policy



Increase in terrorist activities
Conflicts in the Middle East
Changing relationships with nations
Immigration


Changing immigration patterns – Hispanic Americans & Asian Americans
More people want to immigrate to the United States than are allowed by law
Global Environment



Policies to protect the environment
Global climate change
Conservation of water and other natural resources
Other Issues


Energy issues – dependence on foreign oil
World health issues – global pandemic
42
Abraham Lincoln
His reconstruction plan
called for reconciliation
With the South. He felt
that preservation of the
Union was more important
than punishing the South.
W.E.B. Dubois
Believed in full
Political, civil, and
Social rights for
African Americans.
Sitting Bull
Leader of the Lakota
Souix. He helped defeat
Custer at The Battle of
Little Big Horn
People You Gotta Know
Robert E. Lee
He urged Southerners
to reconcile at the end
of the war and reunite
as Americans when some
wanted to continue to fight.
He became president of
Washington College, which
is now known as Washington
and Lee University.
Booker T. Washington
Believed equality
could be achieved
through vocational
education. He
accepted social
separation.
Geronimo
Leader of the Apache
in Southwest Arizona.
He was the last American
Indian to surrender.
43
Fredrick Douglas
He fought for the
adoption of
constitutional
amendments that
guaranteed voting
rights. He was a
powerful voice for
human rights and
civil liberties for all.
Chief Joseph
Chief of the
Nez Perce
“…I will fight
no more
forever.”
George Custer
He was killed at the
Battle of Little Big
Horn. (Custer’s Last
Stand)
Andrew Carnegie
Captain of the
steel industry
Jane Addams
Founded
Hull House
Cornelius Vanderbilt
John D. Rockefeller
Captain of the
Shipping & Railroad
industry.
Theodore
Roosevelt
Led the charge
up San Juan Hill.
Captain of the
oil industry.
Considered first in flight
Captain of the Auto
Industry. He also
Developed the
assembly line.
Alexander Graham Bell
Thomas Edison
Invented the Telephone
Invented the
light bulb
26th President
The Wright Brothers
Henry Ford
Guglielmo Marconi
Developed the radio
first to send wireless
signals.
44
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Worked hard for
women’s suffrage
Susan B. Anthony
Worked hard for
women’s suffrage
movement
George Gershwin &
Aaron Copland
Both were composers of
uniquely American music
Duke Ellington &
Louis Armstrong
Both were Jazz composers
During the Harlem Renaissance
Woodrow Wilson
President of US during
WWI. Developed a
peace plan that called
for the formation of
The League of Nations
F. Scott Fitzgerald
A novelist who
wrote about the
Jazz Age of the
1920’s He wrote
The Great Gatsby
Bessie Smith
Blues singer
during the
Harlem Renaissance
45
Georgia O’Keeffe
An artist known for
urban scenes and,
later paintings of
the southwest.
John Steinbeck
A novelist who
portrayed the
strength of
poor migrant
workers during
the Great Depression
He wrote The Grapes
of Wrath
Langston Hughes
A poet who
combined the
experiences of
African and
American cultural
roots
Jacob Lawrence
Franklin D Roosevelt
Rosie the Riveter
Painter who chronicled
the experience of the
Great Migration north
He started the New
Deal to help the US
out of the Great
Depression. Also
president during WWII
Character used
during WWII to
encourage women
to go to work for
the war effort.
Winston Churchill
Joseph Stalin
Harry S Truman
Leader of Great Britain
During WWII
Leader of Soviet
Union during WWII.
He was a communist
dictator
President of the US
after FDR died. He
made the decision to
drop the atom bombs
on Japan. He also
desegregated the
armed forces.
Adolf Hitler
Benito Mussolini
Hideki Tojo
Leader of Germany during
WWII. He was a fascist
dictator.
Leader of Italy
during WWII. He
was a fascist dictator
Leader of Japan
during WWII. He
was a fascist dictator.
46
George C. Marshall
Eleanor Roosevelt
Wrote the plan
To help rebuild
Europe after WWII.
Worked hard to
expand the rights
of women and other
minorities.
Martin Luther King, Jr.
Leader of the Civil
Rights Movement
He believed in
Passive Resistance.
Rosa Parks
She refused to give
up her seat to a
white man and was
Arrested. This was
what started the
Montgomery Bus Boycott
Charles Drew
Robert Oppenheimer
An African American
Dr. He did research
for blood transfusions
He also improved the
techniques for storing
blood, saving many
lives during WWII.
A physicist. He was
the Scientific Director
of the Manhattan
Project that developed
the Atom Bomb.
Henry Louis Gates, Jr.
A Historian, he
has been refered
to as the nation’s
most famous
black scholar
Frank Lloyd Wright
Was an architect
he is considered
the most
influential Amer.
architect of the
20th Century.
Maya Angelou
Ray Kroc
An artist best known
For her poetry and
Autobiography “I Know
Founder of
McDonald’s
Why the Caged Bird
Sings”
47
Martha Graham
Was a pioneer of modern
dance. She is considered
to be it’s most
important figure.
Bill Gates
Founder of
Microsoft
Stuff You Gotta Know
A good way to use this section is to give someone
your study guide, then go down this list and see
how much you know about each subject. You
can also have someone ask questions from this
section.
Dates To Know







1876…………………………………..Battle of Little Bighorn
1877…………………………………..Chief Joseph & Reconstruction is over
1898…………………………………..Spanish American War
1914……………………………………Panama Canal opened
1914.....................................WWI begins (America Joins in 1917)
December 7, 1941……………….Bombing of Pearl Harbor
June 6, 1944……………………….D-Day, allied landing at Normandy, France
Time Periods to Know

1865 – 1877 - Reconstruction

Late 19th century – early 20th century (1877-1914)
o US changes from an agricultural to an industrial nation.
o Many immigrants from Europe come to the US.
o Many advances in transportation, electricity, & communication.
1917-1918
o America was involved in WWI
1920’s
o Jazz Age – Harlem Renaissance
o Prohibition
o Women’s suffrage
o Period of prosperity in US
1930’s
o Great Depression
1941-1945
o America was involved in WWII
1955 – about 1968
o Civil Rights Movement
o This is also a period of prosperity in the US through the early 1970s
1945 – 1991






o The Cold War
Court Cases to Know


Plessy v Fergusson – 1896 – made “Separate but equal” legal.
Brown v Board of Education – 1954 – made “Separate but equal” illegal.
Desegregated the schools.
48
Constitutional Amendments to Know







13th Amendment – Bans slavery
14th Amendment – Defines citizenship, guarantees due process.
15th Amendment – Right to vote for former slaves.
18th Amendment – Prohibition of alcohol
19th Amendment – Women’s right to vote (suffrage)
21st Amendment – Repeals prohibition
Equal Rights Amendment – This one failed. It did not become an Amendment,
but created a wider range of options & advancement for women
Organizations to Know







AFL – American Federation of Labor (during industrialization)
League of Nations (after WWI)
United Nations (after WWII)
NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organization (Cold War)
Warsaw Pact (Cold War)
NAACP – National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
NOW – National Organization for Women
Acts and Policies to Know








Jim Crow Laws
Homestead Act (Great Plains)
New Deal (great depression)
Marshall Plan (after WWII)
G.I. Bill of Rights (after WWII)
Policy of containment (Cold War)
Civil Rights Act (Civil Rights Movement)
Voting Rights Act (Civil Rights Movement)
Wars & Conflicts







Battle of Little Bighorn………….1876
Nez Perce Indians ……………….1877
Homestead Strike ..……………..1892
Spanish American War………….1898
WWI……………………………………1917-1918
WWII…………………………………..1941-1945
Cold War Conflicts
o Korean War…………………1950-1953
o Cuban Missile Crisis………October 1962
o Vietnam War……………….1965-1975
49
US HISTORY VOCAB
analyze………………….……to examine carefully and in detail
adapt………………………….to adjust to different conditions
adaptations…………….……Something, such as a device or mechanism, that is changed or changes
so as to become suitable to a new or special application or situation.
advocate…………………….to speak or write in favor of. To support
aggression………………….any offensive action, attack or procedure
agricultural………………….Farming, producing crops or raising livestock. (animals)
alliance……………………….a formal agreement or treaty between two or more nations to cooperate
for specific purposes.
amendment…………………An addition or change to the US Constitution
Anti-Semitism ……………..Hostility or prejudice against Jews.
Armed Forces………………military force
aspirations………………….strong desire, longing or aim
assimilation…………………the merging of cultural traits from previously distinct cultural groups
Black codes………………… any code of law that defined and esp. limited therights of former slaves
after the Civil War.
blockade……………………..The shutting down or blocking of a port to keep people or goods from
moving in or out of a country.
bureau……………………….. an office for collecting or distributing news or information, coordinating
work, or performing specified services
Capitalist……………………..A person who invests money in a business in order to
make more money. (profit)
carpetbaggers……………… a Northerner who went to the South after the Civil War and became
active in Republican politics, esp. so as to profiteer from the unsettled
social and political conditions of the area during Reconstruction
centers of population…….cities, places where there are lots of people.
century……………………….100 years
characterized……………….To describe the qualities or to be a distinctive mark of something
chronicle……………………..to record
citizenship……………………viewed as a member of society
civil liberties………………..such a right as guaranteed by the laws of a country, as in the U.S. by
the Bill of Rights
climate………………………..the general weather conditions of an area over a period of time
cluster………………………… a group of things or persons close together
compass rose………………. a design, used on maps to indicate the points of the compass.
compromise………………… a settlement of differences where both parties give up a little
consequence……………….. the result, or outcome of something occurring earlier
consumer goods…………..Things that we buy and use. (clothes, food, toys)
containment…………………Preventing the spread of something.
contiguous…………………..Connecting without a break.
continental…………………..Relating to, or characteristic of a continent.
corruption……………………dishonest
cultural………………………..dealing with the shared knowledge & values of a society.
demographics………………The characteristics of human populations and population areas
desire………………………… to wish or long for; crave; want
discrimination………………The policy or practice of giving treatment or consideration based on
race, class or category
divisiveness………………….Causing people to disagree
electrification……………….To provide with electric power.
50
emerge………………………. to come up or arise
empire……………………….. a group of nations or peoples ruled over by an emperor, empress, or
other powerful sovereign or government: usually a territory of greater
extent than a kingdom
erode………………………….To wear away
exaggerated……………….. abnormally increased or enlarged
Federal Reserve …………..The central banking system in the United States. It regulates the money
and banking system. The bankers bank.
foreign policy………………. a policy pursued by a nation in its dealings with other nations
ghetto………………………… a section of a city, esp. a thickly populated slum area, inhabited
predominantly by members of an ethnic or other minority group
global………………………… pertaining to the whole world
harbor……………………….. a part of a body of water along the shore deep enough for anchoring a
ship
hemisphere………………… half of the terrestrial globe or celestial sphere, esp. one of the halves
into which the earth is divided. Compare Eastern Hemisphere,
Western Hemisphere, Northern Hemisphere, Southern Hemisphere
heritage………………….….something that comes or belongs to one by reason of birth
homeland………………..….one's native land
human rights…………..….fundamental rights, esp. those believed to belong to an individual
immigration………………….The moving from one country to another country to live.
imperialism
industry……………………….any general business activity in a particular field
industrialization…………….The growing/building of lots of factories in an area that uses lots of
machines and human power.
infamy……………………….. to be remembered for bad reasons
inflation……………………….A increase in price; having to pay more money for a good than it used
to be. (Like gas prices)
international…………………Involving two or more nations
industrial………………………Having to do with industries or factories.
isolationism
latitude………………………..Lines of Latitude are the horizontal lines shown running east-to-west on
maps. Latitude measures distance north or south.
legislate………………………... make or enact laws
liberation………………………Freeing
lifestyle………………………… the habits, attitudes, tastes, etc., that together makeup the way of
living of an individual or group.
longitude………………………Lines of longitude are the parallel lines shown running north-to-south
on maps. Longitude measures distance east or west.
manufacturing………………To make or produce something, usually through a process
which sometimes includes machines.
markets………………………..A place where products or goods are bought & sold.
mechanical…………………..Involving machinery or tools.
mechanization………………Changing to using machines to produce items. Machines
doing the job people used to do.
meridian………………………line of longitude
migration……………………Moving from one place to another.
militarism
nationalism
neutral………………………. not taking part or giving assistance in a dispute or war between others
noncontiguous…………….Not connected
oppressive………………….To treat cruelly or unjust, sometimes creating a state of fear.
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optimism…………………… tendency to look on the more favorable side of events or conditions
outsourcing……………….. A practice used by different companies to reduce costs by transferring
portions of work to outside suppliers rather than completing it internally
pandemic…………………… prevalent throughout an entire country, continent, or the whole world
partitioned………………….Split or divided
passive resistance………..Resistance by nonviolent methods like sit-ins, marches, boycotts or
freedom rides.
plasma………………………. the liquid part of blood
political……………………….Dealing with the structure or affairs of government.
political machine
products……………………..Items that are made or grown.
prosperity……………………Being wealthy or having good fortune, good times.
ratify…………………………. to confirm by expressing consent, approval
rebel…………………………. to reject, resist, or rise in arms against one's government or ruler.
Reconstruction……………The period after the Civil War from 1865 to 1877.
region…………………………A specified district or territory.
renaissance…………………A rebirth or revival.
reservation………………….Areas of land the US gov’t set aside for Native Americans
rural…………………………..In the country. (farms)
scarce………………………. insufficient to satisfy the need or demand; not abundant
segregation…………………The policy or practice of separating people of different
races, classes or ethnic groups
settlement house...........a center in an underprivileged area that provides various community
services.
slogan……………………….. a distinctive cry, phrase, or motto of any party, group
society………………………. a body of individuals living as members of a community; community.
social………………………… characterized by friendly companionship or relations
specialization……………….Making or selling one particular product or item.
speculate…………………… to engage in any business transaction involving considerable risk or the
chance of large gains
suffrage………………………The right or privilege to vote.
Supreme Court…………….The highest court in the United States. It has nine justices and has
jurisdiction over all other courts in the US.
suburb………………………residential area outside a large city.
telecommunications……..Sending messages over long distances by using electronic means.
temperance…………………Restraint in the use of or not using alcoholic beverages.
tenement………………….. a run-down and often overcrowded apartment house
textile…………………………A fabric made by weaving or knitting
transcontinental…………..spanning or crossing a continent
treaty………………………… a formal agreement between two or more states in reference to peace,
alliance, commerce, or other international relations
urban………………………….Having to do with the city.
urbanization…………………The movement of a population from farms to cities.The growing of
cities.
vocational education……..training for a specific trade or industry
world power………………….A nation or other political group having the power to influence world
events.
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REGIONS
Noncontiguous
Pacific
Southwest
Hawaii
Alaska
California
Oregon
Washington
Arizona
New Mexico
Texas
Oklahoma
Rocky
mountains
Nevada
Utah
Colorado
Wyoming
Montana
Idaho
Cities
Noncontiguous
Honolulu, Hawaii
Juneau, Alaska
Pacific
Seattle, Washington
San Francisco, California
Los Angeles, California
Southwest
Santa Fe, Mexico
San Antonio, Texas
Rocky Mountains
Denver, Colorado
Salt Lake City, Utah
Midwest
Chicago, Illinois
Detroit, Michigan
St. Louis, Missouri
Southeast
New Orleans, Louisiana
Atlanta, Georgia
Washington D.C.
Midwest
Northeast
Southeast
N. Dakota
S. Dakota
Nebraska
Kansas
Minnesota
Iowa
Missouri
Wisconsin
Michigan
Illinois
Indiana
Ohio
Maine
New Hampshire
Vermont
Massachusetts
Rhode Island
Connecticut
New York
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
Maryland
Delaware
Virginia
Tennessee
West VA
Kentucky
N. Carolina
S. Carolina
Georgia
Florida
Alabama
Mississippi
Louisiana
Arkansas
Northeast
Boston, Massachusetts
New York City, New York
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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