Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Medievalism wikipedia , lookup
Dark Ages (historiography) wikipedia , lookup
Wales in the Early Middle Ages wikipedia , lookup
Feudalism in the Holy Roman Empire wikipedia , lookup
European science in the Middle Ages wikipedia , lookup
Post-classical history wikipedia , lookup
Early Middle Ages wikipedia , lookup
Late Middle Ages wikipedia , lookup
The MiddleAges aka Medieval World https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fo4InZq-1ew The Middle Ages: 476 – 1492 The Medieval Period Rise of the Middle Ages Decline of the Roman Empire *The word ‘Medieval’ comes from two Latin words (medium aevum), which mean “the middle age”. What are the Middle Ages? A historical period of about 1000 years that marks the time between the Ancient Civilizations (Greece, Rome, Mesopotamia…etc.) and the Modern Age. 476 CE – end of the Roman empire when a BARBARIAN named Odoacre proclaimed himself emperor. 1492: Christopher Columbus discovers the « NEW WORLD » and the Age of Discovery begins. Germanic Peoples Roman empire overran by Germanic groups with repeated invasions and constant warfare 1. Breakdown of trade: money became scarce. 2. Cities abandoned – no longer center of economy or administration. 3. Population became rural. People went back to small subsistence farming. 4. Decline of literacy – only priests, church officials and a few of the wealthy class were literate. 5. Breakup of unified empire – language began to change. No longer Latin. 6. End of Democracy End of Democracy Rome was: • Unified by loyalty to public government and written law • Orderly government Germania was: • Based on Family ties and personal loyalty • People living in small communities governed by unwritten rules and traditions • Ruled by a Chief who led a band or warriors loyal only to him – not some emperor they’d never seen After the Fall of Rome Medieval Ages (Middle Ages) • Chaotic period during which Germanic tribes conquered most of Western Empire • During this period, 3 new civilizations emerged, 2 Christian; Western Roman Empire, Eastern Roman Empire and one Muslim. • Eastern Roman Empire – Byzantine Empire (Christian) very successful and wealthy for 1000 years – people called “Romans”. A time of continuous Barbarian invasions: Ex: Anglos & Saxons - Britain Franks – Gaul (France) Ostrogoths -- Italy Visigoths in Spain Vandals in North Africa Huns : Asie 1. Violent Life – most people fled the cities for rural areas 2. Cultural Decline - Trade Stopped 3. The people live off the land… Live according to their needs, not luxuries, no extras. 4. No schools, reading, writing… Germanic peoples (Barbarians) were mostly illiterate 5. Unsanitary conditions – no personal hygiene, sewer systems… etc. 6. Disease is common and life expectancy is low. 7. The Christian Church was the one unifying force. Monks in monasteries were the only ones who could read or write. A New System of Government • Around the year 800, a new system was developed which saw nobles given large of land. • Poor peasants worked the land and were protected by the nobles. This system was called: Feudalism How did it begin? • The Germanic chiefs (Ostrogoths, Vandals, etc.) gave land to their warriors in return for their services in war. • This meant that the warriors ruled over smaller landowners and the common people who lived and worked on the land. • Each ‘level’ had clearly defined duties and responsibilities toward each other which helped create a sense of order during these crazy times. Periodization Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000 High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250 Late Middle Ages: 1250 - 1500 Feudalism • Political and social system based on the granting of land in exchange for loyalty, military assistance, and other services Europe in the 6c The Middle Ages or Medieval Period ( 500 CE -1500 CE.) Barbarian Invasions cause the Fall of the Western Roman Empire Rise of New Kingdoms/St ates that are not united New Kingdoms are unable to protect themselves from Barbarian Invasions, causing a need for localized Protection The Rise of Feudalism in Europe Feudalism • Developed as a result of frequent invasions in western Europe • Kings and nobles needed a way to protect their lands Feudalism • Lords divided their lands into estates called fiefs • Fiefs (land) given to vassals in return for loyalty and military support • All nobles were vassals to the King What is a Knight? • Almost all nobles were knights • Training began at age 7, as a page, under the guidance of the lady of the manor • Became squires at age 15 and were trained by other knights • Those deemed worthy were “dubbed” knights 21 Feudalism • Knights – Mounted warriors who protected lord’s lands – Given land for their services – Chivalry • Code of ethics followed by knights • Honesty, fairness in battle, loyal, proper treatment of women • Feudal Obligations • Provide military service • Remain loyal and faithful • Give money on special occasions • Give Land • Protect from attack • Resolve disputes between knights Peasants and Serfs • Serfs – Peasants who lived and worked on the lord’s manor – Were not allowed to leave the manor or marry without the lord’s permission – Were allowed to farm on the manor in return for work • Lords were required to protect the serfs Life of Serfs • The life of a serf was harsh – Worked long hours – few lived past 35 years old – Based on heredity • You were a serf if you parents were Life of Serf • The Harshness of Manor Life – Peasants pay taxes to use mill and bakery; pay a tithe to priest • Tithe—a church tax—is equal to onetenth of a peasant’s income – Serfs live in crowded cottages with dirt floors, straw for beds – Worked long hours • raising crops, livestock; feeding and clothing family – Poor diet, illness, malnutrition make life expectancy 35 years – Serfs generally accept their lives as part of God’s plan Manorial System • Freemen – skilled workers who paid rent to nobles and could leave the manor • Ex. Blacksmith and millers Constructing the Pyramid Feudal Power SERFS AND FREEMEN 29 Constructing the Pyramid of Feudal Power LESSER NOBLES (KNIGHTS) LABOR PROTECTION SERFS AND FREEMEN 30 Constructing the Pyramid of Feudal Power POWERFUL NOBLES LAND AND PROTECTION LOYALTY AND MILITARY SERVICE LESSER NOBLES (KNIGHTS) LABOR PROTECTION SERFS AND FREEMEN 31 Constructing the Pyramid of Feudal Power KING LOYALTY AND SERVICE LAND POWERFUL NOBLES LAND AND PROTECTION LOYALTY AND MILITARY SERVICE LESSER NOBLES (KNIGHTS) LABOR PROTECTION SERFS AND FREEMEN 32 Parts of a Medieval Castle Manorial System • An economic system in the Middle Ages that was built around large estates called manors • Included a village and the land surrounding it Manorial System • Manors were self sufficient – Most things needed for daily life were produced on the manor European Empire Evolves • After the decline of the Roman Empire small kingdoms sprang up all over Europe. • The largest and the strongest was controlled by the Franks (today French) • Lead by Clovis – first Christian king (480511) • Area that is now France • He is known as the founder of the French monarchy • Wrong move: bequeathed his kingdom to his four sons – led to two centuries of infighting. Franks & Charlemagne Pepin the Short • King from 714-768 • Elected to power by the Frankish nobles (thanks to some help from the church) • Gave land to the Roman Catholic Church (near Rome) • Became the Papal States… • Because of this move, the Church would hold considerable power throughout the Middle Ages. Charles the Great • Pepin was succeeded by his son Charles who ruled from 768 to 819. • Extended his empire and strengthened its central rule. • Defeated: the Lombards in Italy, the Muslims in Spain, the Saxons in northern Europe, and the Avars in the east. • Because of this he was called “Charles the Great” or Charlemagne. Charlemagne • Made uniform laws - appointed local Judges to see that they were upheld. • Made nobles in charge of overseeing laws and defending their territory • Sent out royal inspectors to check on different parts of the kingdom to make sure the lords were in control (avoiding the threat of rebellion.) Charlemagne • Spread Christianity • Conquered territories • Executed nonChristians. • Dec 25, 800, he was crowned Emperor by the Pope ** Shows the power of the Church Charlemagne • Brought back education • Schools and libraries were created throughout the empire. • Reading, writing, art, and culture thrived during his reign.