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StatCalcUserManual Version8forMacandWindows ©Copyright2016,AcaStatSoftware. AllrightsReserved. http://www.acastat.com TableofContents Introduction..............................................................................................................................................4 GettingHelp.................................................................................................................................................4 UninstallingStatCalc.....................................................................................................................................4 StatCalcStartupScreen................................................................................................................................4 ExampleData...............................................................................................................................................4 EnteringData...............................................................................................................................................4 CopyData.....................................................................................................................................................4 PasteData....................................................................................................................................................5 ExportData..................................................................................................................................................5 ImportData..................................................................................................................................................5 DataManagerModule.................................................................................................................................6 CompatibleDataFile....................................................................................................................................6 StatGuide.....................................................................................................................................................7 StatisticalTools........................................................................................................................................8 Frequencies..................................................................................................................................................8 Descriptives..................................................................................................................................................8 WeightedMean...........................................................................................................................................9 Z-Score.........................................................................................................................................................9 ConfidenceIntervalfortheMean................................................................................................................9 ConfidenceIntervalfortheProportion........................................................................................................9 DiagnosticAccuracy.....................................................................................................................................9 GoodnessofFit............................................................................................................................................9 Chi-Square..................................................................................................................................................10 Z-testOneSample......................................................................................................................................10 Z-testTwoSample......................................................................................................................................10 T-testOneSample......................................................................................................................................10 T-testTwoSample......................................................................................................................................10 One-WayANOVA.......................................................................................................................................10 Correlation.................................................................................................................................................11 OLSRegression...........................................................................................................................................11 LogisticRegression.....................................................................................................................................11 ZDistribution..............................................................................................................................................11 TDistribution..............................................................................................................................................11 FDistribution..............................................................................................................................................11 ChiSquareDistribution..............................................................................................................................12 DecisionTools........................................................................................................................................13 DecisionTables...........................................................................................................................................13 QueuingTheory..........................................................................................................................................14 ConstantDollars.........................................................................................................................................14 PriceElasticityofDemand..........................................................................................................................14 OutputViewer.......................................................................................................................................15 FileMenu...................................................................................................................................................15 New........................................................................................................................................................15 OpenOutput..........................................................................................................................................16 StatCalcUserManual 2 SaveOutputAs.......................................................................................................................................16 PrintOutput...........................................................................................................................................16 EditMenu...................................................................................................................................................16 Cut..........................................................................................................................................................16 Copy.......................................................................................................................................................16 Paste.......................................................................................................................................................16 Clear.......................................................................................................................................................16 SelectAll.................................................................................................................................................16 SystemRequirements(requiredminimum)............................................................................17 StatCalcUserManual 3 Introduction StatCalcprovidesstudents,teachers,researchers,andmanagerswithaneasytousedataanalysistool. StatCalcincludes21statisticsmodules,fourdecisiontools,anoutputlog,astatisticsglossary,andan outputinterpretationguideforeachmodule. GettingHelp ApplicationhelpcanbefoundinthismanualandintheHelpmoduleprovidedwithStatCalc.Inaddition toapplicationhelp,statisticalhelpisprovidedinaglossaryofstatisticaltermsanddefinitions. UninstallingStatCalc ForMacversions,dragtheprogramfiletotheTrashBin.ForWindowsversions,usetheWindows ControlPaneloptionADD/REMOVEprogramstouninstallStatCalc. StatCalcStartupScreen StatCalcstartsbydisplayingtheStatisticalToolsmodule.TherearealsotabsfortheDecisionTools modulesandOutputViewer.UsetheStatisticalToolsmoduletoselectandrunstatisticalanalyses.The OutputViewertabstoresallanalysesconductedafteropeningStatCalc.Theoutputfromallprocedures, includingtheDecisionToolsmodule,isautomaticallyappendedtotheoutputlog. ExampleData StatCalcincludesexampledataforeachstatisticalanddecisiontoolmodule.ClicktheExampleData toolbarbuttontoloaddataintothefieldsfortheselectedstatisticalprocedure. EnteringData Toenterdata,pointandclickonacellandbegintyping.Pressingtheright,left,up,ordownarrowkey willsavetheentryandmovethedataentrypointtothenextcell.PressingtheEnter(Return)keywill movethedataentrypointtothenextrow. CopyData TocopydatafromaStatCalctable,selecttheCopybuttononthetoolbar.Thecopyprocedureis availableforthefollowingstatisticalprocedures:Frequencies,Descriptives,Weightedmeans,Goodness offit,Correlation,OLSregression,andLogisticregressionprocedures. StatCalcUserManual 4 PasteData Topastedatafromaspreadsheet,selectandcopythedata(makesurethetoprowhasthevariable names).IntheStatisticalToolstab,selectthePastebuttononthetoolbar.Thepasteprocedure replacesalldatainthecurrentprocedure.Whenpastingcompatibledatacopiedfromothersoftware, thedatawillloadfromthefirst(left)columnuptothenumberofcolumnsallowedinaprocedure.As anexample,DescriptivesallowsonlythefarleftcolumnwhileOLSregressionallowsuptoeleven columnsofdata. Thisoptionisavailableforthefollowingstatisticalprocedures:Frequencies,Descriptives,Weighted means,Goodnessoffit,Correlation,OLSregression,andLogisticregressionprocedures. ExportData UsetheFilemenutoexportdataintotaborcommadelimitedtextfiles.TheExportprocedureis availableforthefollowingstatisticalprocedures:Frequencies,Descriptives,Weightedmeans,Goodness offit,Correlation,OLSregression,andLogisticregressionprocedures. ImportData StatCalcisabletoimportAcaStatdatafilesandtabandcommadelimitedtextfiles.Createorexport delimitedtextfilesfrommostsoftwarepackagestoincludewordprocessors,spreadsheets,databases, andstatisticalpackages.StatCalcallowsupto100,000observations. TherearefourwaystoimportcompatibledatafilesforuseinFrequencies,Descriptives,Weighted means,Goodnessoffit,Correlation,OLSregression,andLogisticregressionprocedures: 1.Paste:Selectandcopycompatibledatainspreadsheetsoftware,selectoneoftheaboveprocedures andclickpaste. 2.ImportFileMenu:UsetheFilemenutoopenacompatiblefile.Oncethefileisselected,theData Managermodulewillappearwithalistofvariablesavailableforloadingintotheselectedprocedure. 3.DataCube:ClickthedatacubetodisplaytheDataManagermoduleforselectingandopeninga compatibledatafile.Thedatacubeisonlyenabledwhenoneoftheabovecompatiblestatistical proceduresisselected. 4.DragandDrop:Draganddropacompatibledatafileordataselectedinaspreadsheetintothe StatisticalProcedurestabtoimmediatelyloaddataordraganddropacompatibledatafileintothedata cube.Aswithpasting,thedatawillloadfromthefirst(left)columnuptothenumberofcolumns allowedinaprocedure.Asanexample,DescriptivesallowsonlythefarleftcolumnwhileOLSregression allowsuptoelevencolumnsofdata. StatCalcUserManual 5 DataManagerModule TheDataManagermodulecontainstwotabs:FileManagerandDataLimit. FileManagerTab:Thistaballowstheselectionandopeningofcompatibledatafiles.Variablenames fromthefirstrowoffilewillbedisplayed.Draganddropthesevariablesintotheavailableanalysislist boxes.Thelistboxformatwillchangedependingonthestatisticalprocedureselected.Asanexample, intheimageabovetheOLSRegressionprocedureisselectedsotheDataManagerwillallowone Dependentvariableanduptotenindependentvariablestobeselected.Click“Load”topopulatethe datagridintheOLSRegressionprocedure.DataManagerwillautomaticallyclosetodisplaythe statisticalprocedure.Theimporteddatawillbeavailableforallcompatiblestatisticalproceduresuntil thefileisclearedfrommemory. DataLimitTab:TheDataLimittabaffectsproceduresthatallowspreadsheet-likedataentry.Before importinglargedatafiles,thedatalimitcanbetemporarilyadjustedtoacceptupto100,000 observations.Usethisoptiononlyifneeded.StatCalcoperationswillslowasthedatalimitisincreased. WhenStatCalcisclosed,itwillresettothedefault(200observations). CompatibleDataFile Acompatibledelimitedtextfilewillhavevariablenamesinthefirstrow.Eachvariablenamemustbe separatedbyataborcomma.Thedatamuststartinthesecondrow.Eachrowrepresentsone observationwithoneormorevariables.StatCalccomeswithexampledatafortheregressionmodules StatCalcUserManual 6 thatprovidesanexampleoftheformattingrequired.Thedelimitedtextfileshouldbesavedasatext filewitheithera‘.txt’fileextensionfortabdelimitedfilesanda‘.csv’extensionforcommadelimited files.Countriesthatusecommadecimaldelimitersshouldusetabdelimitedinsteadofcsvtoimportor exportdata. Donotuserichtextformat(rtf)oranyothersoftwarespecificformatsuchasMicrosoft WordorExcelorAppleNumbersorPages. Belowisanexampleofacommaseparatedtextfile.Foranotherexample,youcanalsocopyexample datafromStatCalcandpasteitintoaspreadsheetorwordprocessor. IDNum,Name,Age,Sex,Income 1001,Fred,49,m,56000 1002,Susan,32,f,64000 1003,Jill,69,f,32000 StatGuide Each module has an annotated example of the output to assist with interpretation. The annotated guide is based on the example data provided for each module. Click the Stat Guide toolbar button to loadtheannotatedoutputexample. StatCalcUserManual 7 StatisticalTools TheStatisticalToolstabprovides21statisticaltools. Frequencies Producesalistingofallthevaluesinavariable,thenumberoftimestheyoccurinthevariable,andthe percentofcasesrepresentedineachvalue.Frequenciescanbeproducedonnumericalandstringdata. A ‘Pareto Sort’ is also provided that lists categories in rank order from the most frequently occurring categorytotheleast. Descriptives Calculatesmeasuresofcentraltendency(mean,median)andvariation(variance,standarddeviation). TheDescriptivesmodulerequirescontinuousdata.Enterthedataandclickcalculatewhendone. StatCalcUserManual 8 WeightedMean Calculates the mean for a group of means. For each mean, enter the mean and its sample size. Click calculatewhendone.Theoutputincludesthemeanifthegroupofmeanshadnotbeenweightedby thesamplesize.Thisvalueisforcomparisonpurposesonly.Donotusetheunweightedmean. Z-Score Calculates the standardized score for a specific value in a distribution represented by a mean and standarddeviation. ConfidenceIntervalfortheMean Calculates the confidence interval for the population mean based on a sample mean, standard deviation,andgivensamplesize.Theconfidencelevelisadjustablefrom80%to99%. ConfidenceIntervalfortheProportion Calculates the confidence interval for the population proportion based on a sample proportion and givensamplesize.Theconfidencelevelisadjustablefrom80%to99%. DiagnosticAccuracy Diagnosticaccuracycomparesatestresulttoadichotomousreferencestandard.Itisusedtoevaluate thesensitivityandspecificityofadiagnostictest.Thereferenceandtestvariablescanonlybetwo values(usually0fornon-diseaseand1fordisease).Thereferencevariablerepresentsthegoldstandard tocomparetothetestresults. GoodnessofFit Use this procedure to evaluate the variation in a distribution of categories. Each row in the table representsonecategoryamongseveral.Foreachcategory,entertheobservedcountandtheexpected count.Generallytheexpectedcountisestablishedbyestimatingaprioritheproportionaldistributionof the categories. The expected frequency for each category can be obtained by multiplying the total observed sample size by the a priori (expected) proportion for each category. StatCalc calculates the standardized residual for each category. A residual of +/- 2.0 or greater suggests that category had a substantiveimpactonthechi-squareteststatistic. StatCalcUserManual 9 Chi-Square Thisprocedurepresentstheassociationbetweentwocategoricalvariablesviaacontingencytable.Each cellinacontingencytablerepresentsasubgroup.AlltherowsandcolumnsprovidedbyStatCalcdonot needtobeusedbutalwaysstartwiththetopleftmostcell.EntercountsineachcellandStatCalcwill calculateforeachcelltherowpercent,columnpercent,andtotalpercent. Thisprocedurealsoautomaticallyproducesseveralcontingencytablestatisticstoincludethechi-square statisticandmeasuresofstrengthofassociation.StatCalcchi-squareallowsforacontingencytablewith uptosixrowsandsixcolumns. Z-testOneSample Usedtotestforthedifferencebetweenonepopulationproportionandonesampleproportion.Enter thepopulationproportion,sampleproportion,andthenumberofobservationsinthesample. Z-testTwoSample Usedtotestforthedifferencebetweentwosampleproportions.Fortwosamplez-tests,both dependentandindependentvariablesmustbenominallevelvariables. T-testOneSample Usedtotestforthedifferencebetweenonepopulationmean(mu)andonesamplemean.Enterthe populationmean,samplemean,sample(orpopulation)standarddeviationandthenumberof observationsinthesample. T-testTwoSample Usedtotestforthedifferencebetweentwosamplemeans.Fort-tests,thedependentvariablemustbe aninterval/ratiolevelvariabletoproducethemeansforanalysis.Theindependentvariablemustbea nominalorordinallevelvariable(oftenitwillbeadichotomousvariablesuchassex:1=male,2=female). One-WayANOVA Usedtotestforthedifferencebetweentwoormoresamplemeans.Thedependentvariablemustbe aninterval/ratiolevelvariabletoproducethemeansforanalysis.Theindependentvariablemustbea nominallevelvariable(e.g.,race:1=white,2=black,3=Asian,4=Hispanic)orordinal(e.g.,political ideology:1=conservative,2=moderate,3=liberal).Alltherowsandcolumnsprovideddonothavetobe usedbutalwaysstartwiththetopleftmostcell.StatCalcANOVAallowsforuptosixcategoriesof samplemeans. StatCalcUserManual 10 Correlation CalculatesthePearsoncorrelationcoefficienttorepresenttheassociationbetweentwointerval/ratio levelvariables.EnterthedataasindicatedandclickCalculatewhendone. OLSRegression Calculatessimpleregression(oneindependentvariable)ormultipleregression(twoormore independentvariables).OLSregressionrequiresaninterval/ratiodependentvariable.StatCalcOLS allowsonedependentvariableanduptotenindependentvariables.Thedependentvariablemustbe locatedinthefirstdatacolumn(leftside)ofthespreadsheet. LogisticRegression Calculatessimpleregression(oneindependentvariable)ormultipleregression(twoormore independentvariables).Logisticregressionrequiresadichotomous(0and1)dependentvariableto developamodelthatpredictstheoccurrenceof1.StatCalclogisticallowsonedependentvariableand uptotenindependentvariables.Thedependentvariablemustbelocatedinthefirstdatacolumn(left side)ofthespreadsheet. ZDistribution Enterazscoretocalculatetheproportionoftheprobabilitydistributionatorbeyondthescoreentered. Thisprocedureismostusefulforevaluatingthestatisticalsignificanceofaz-teststatisticcalculated manually. TDistribution Enteratscoreanddegreesoffreedomtocalculatetheproportionoftheprobabilitydistributionator beyondthescoreentered.Thisprocedureismostusefulforevaluatingthestatisticalsignificanceofatteststatisticcalculatedmanually. FDistribution Enterafratioscoreandnumeratoranddenominatordegreesoffreedom(consultastatistical reference)tocalculatetheproportionoftheprobabilitydistributionatorabovethescoreentered.This procedureismostusefulforevaluatingthestatisticalsignificanceofanfteststatisticcalculated manually. StatCalcUserManual 11 ChiSquareDistribution Enterachi-squarescoreanddegreesoffreedomtocalculatetheproportionoftheprobability distributionatorabovethescoreentered.Thisprocedureismostusefulforevaluatingthestatistical significanceofachi-squareteststatisticcalculatedmanually. StatCalcUserManual 12 DecisionTools TheDecisionToolstabprovidesfourtoolsforcalculatingconstantdollarsandexperimentingwith decisiontables,queuingtheory(waitinglines),andpriceelasticityofdemand.Anexampleisprovided foreachtool.TheresultsaredisplayedintheDecisionTooltabandareaddedtotheoutputlog.Agood referencetextformostofthesetoolsisFundamentalsofManagementScience,byEfraimTurban&Jack R.Meredith. DecisionTables Decisiontablesquantifyintableformtheimpactofdecisionoptionsunderuncertainty.Tableswill typicallycontainthefollowingelements: 1. Alternativecoursesofaction 2. Statesofnature 3. Probabilitiesofstatesofnature(mustsumto1) 4. Thepayoffs StatCalcUserManual 13 QueuingTheory Queuingtheoryisusedtoevaluatetheperformanceofservicesystemswherewaitinglinesmayform andcustomersarriveatrandomtimes(i.e.,licensebureau,taxassessorsoffice,emergencyroom).To evaluateawaitingline,datamustbeprovidedfortheaveragearrivalrate,averageservicerate,andthe numberofservicers. ConstantDollars Thistoolusestheurbanconsumerpriceindex(CPI-U)fortheUnitedStatestoadjustforinflation.The modulewillcreateandapplyaninflationanddeflationestimate.Anotherpriceindexcanbeusedby overridingthedefaultCPIbyentering“*”followedbyaCPI. PriceElasticityofDemand Thistoolusesthechangeindemandthatoccurswhenapriceischangedtoestimatepriceelasticity. Giventheestimateofelasticity,thetoolwillattempttofindabreakevenpricethroughiterationsof price.Bothfixedandvariablecostscanbeincludedinthemodel. StatCalcUserManual 14 OutputViewer TheOutputViewertabdisplaystheresultsoftheanalysisinatextwindowforeditingandprinting.Each timeastatisticalprocedureisrun,theresultsareautomaticallysenttotheoutputlog.Notescanbe addedtotheoutputbeforeprintingorsaving.TheOutputViewercanopenoutputsavedbyStatCalc andalsoAcaStat. TheOutputViewerusesCourierfont.Thisisafixedfontthatensuresproperalignmentofthetables. Whencopyingoutputtoawordprocessor,thedefaultfontmaynotbeCourierinthewordprocessor. Thiswillresultintablesthatareoutofalignment.Tocorrectthis,highlighttheoutputintheword processorandchangethefonttoCourier.Thefontsizemayalsoneedtobereducedtoensurethe outputfitswidthwiseononepage. FileMenu New Clickthe"New"buttontoerasealloutput. StatCalcUserManual 15 OpenOutput ThismenuitemreopenssavedoutputintotheOutputViewer.ItwillreplacethecurrentOutputViewer contents. SaveOutputAs Thismenuitemsavesallitemsintheoutputlogintoatextfilethatcanbeimportedintoword processingsoftware. PrintOutput Thismenuitemprintsalloutputorselecteditemsintheoutputlog.ToselectmultipleitemsintheMac version,pressandholdtheCommandkeywhileselectingitemsintheoutputlog.FortheWindows version,usetheControlkeyforthesamefunction.Bydefault,StatCalcprintsadateandtimeheader andaNotessectiononeachpageprinted. EditMenu Cut Usethismenuitemtoremoveselectedoutputtextandsavethetexttothesystemclipboard. Copy Usethismenuitemtocopyselectedoutputtexttothesystemclipboard. Paste Usethismenuitemtopastetextfromthesystemclipboardintotheoutputscreen. Clear Usethismenuitemtodeletealloutputlogentries.Thetextboxmustbeselected. SelectAll Selectsallthetextintheoutputscreen. StatCalcUserManual 16 System Requirements (required minimum) MacOSX10.7orlater WindowsVistaorlater.Windows7orlaterisrecommended. [email protected] http://www.acastat.com StatCalcUserManual 17 AcaStat Software http://www.acastat.com StatCalcUserManual 18