Download StatCalc User Manual

StatCalcUserManual
Version8forMacandWindows
©Copyright2016,AcaStatSoftware.
AllrightsReserved.
http://www.acastat.com
TableofContents
Introduction..............................................................................................................................................4
GettingHelp.................................................................................................................................................4
UninstallingStatCalc.....................................................................................................................................4
StatCalcStartupScreen................................................................................................................................4
ExampleData...............................................................................................................................................4
EnteringData...............................................................................................................................................4
CopyData.....................................................................................................................................................4
PasteData....................................................................................................................................................5
ExportData..................................................................................................................................................5
ImportData..................................................................................................................................................5
DataManagerModule.................................................................................................................................6
CompatibleDataFile....................................................................................................................................6
StatGuide.....................................................................................................................................................7
StatisticalTools........................................................................................................................................8
Frequencies..................................................................................................................................................8
Descriptives..................................................................................................................................................8
WeightedMean...........................................................................................................................................9
Z-Score.........................................................................................................................................................9
ConfidenceIntervalfortheMean................................................................................................................9
ConfidenceIntervalfortheProportion........................................................................................................9
DiagnosticAccuracy.....................................................................................................................................9
GoodnessofFit............................................................................................................................................9
Chi-Square..................................................................................................................................................10
Z-testOneSample......................................................................................................................................10
Z-testTwoSample......................................................................................................................................10
T-testOneSample......................................................................................................................................10
T-testTwoSample......................................................................................................................................10
One-WayANOVA.......................................................................................................................................10
Correlation.................................................................................................................................................11
OLSRegression...........................................................................................................................................11
LogisticRegression.....................................................................................................................................11
ZDistribution..............................................................................................................................................11
TDistribution..............................................................................................................................................11
FDistribution..............................................................................................................................................11
ChiSquareDistribution..............................................................................................................................12
DecisionTools........................................................................................................................................13
DecisionTables...........................................................................................................................................13
QueuingTheory..........................................................................................................................................14
ConstantDollars.........................................................................................................................................14
PriceElasticityofDemand..........................................................................................................................14
OutputViewer.......................................................................................................................................15
FileMenu...................................................................................................................................................15
New........................................................................................................................................................15
OpenOutput..........................................................................................................................................16
StatCalcUserManual
2
SaveOutputAs.......................................................................................................................................16
PrintOutput...........................................................................................................................................16
EditMenu...................................................................................................................................................16
Cut..........................................................................................................................................................16
Copy.......................................................................................................................................................16
Paste.......................................................................................................................................................16
Clear.......................................................................................................................................................16
SelectAll.................................................................................................................................................16
SystemRequirements(requiredminimum)............................................................................17
StatCalcUserManual
3
Introduction
StatCalcprovidesstudents,teachers,researchers,andmanagerswithaneasytousedataanalysistool.
StatCalcincludes21statisticsmodules,fourdecisiontools,anoutputlog,astatisticsglossary,andan
outputinterpretationguideforeachmodule.
GettingHelp
ApplicationhelpcanbefoundinthismanualandintheHelpmoduleprovidedwithStatCalc.Inaddition
toapplicationhelp,statisticalhelpisprovidedinaglossaryofstatisticaltermsanddefinitions.
UninstallingStatCalc
ForMacversions,dragtheprogramfiletotheTrashBin.ForWindowsversions,usetheWindows
ControlPaneloptionADD/REMOVEprogramstouninstallStatCalc.
StatCalcStartupScreen
StatCalcstartsbydisplayingtheStatisticalToolsmodule.TherearealsotabsfortheDecisionTools
modulesandOutputViewer.UsetheStatisticalToolsmoduletoselectandrunstatisticalanalyses.The
OutputViewertabstoresallanalysesconductedafteropeningStatCalc.Theoutputfromallprocedures,
includingtheDecisionToolsmodule,isautomaticallyappendedtotheoutputlog.
ExampleData
StatCalcincludesexampledataforeachstatisticalanddecisiontoolmodule.ClicktheExampleData
toolbarbuttontoloaddataintothefieldsfortheselectedstatisticalprocedure.
EnteringData
Toenterdata,pointandclickonacellandbegintyping.Pressingtheright,left,up,ordownarrowkey
willsavetheentryandmovethedataentrypointtothenextcell.PressingtheEnter(Return)keywill
movethedataentrypointtothenextrow.
CopyData
TocopydatafromaStatCalctable,selecttheCopybuttononthetoolbar.Thecopyprocedureis
availableforthefollowingstatisticalprocedures:Frequencies,Descriptives,Weightedmeans,Goodness
offit,Correlation,OLSregression,andLogisticregressionprocedures.
StatCalcUserManual
4
PasteData
Topastedatafromaspreadsheet,selectandcopythedata(makesurethetoprowhasthevariable
names).IntheStatisticalToolstab,selectthePastebuttononthetoolbar.Thepasteprocedure
replacesalldatainthecurrentprocedure.Whenpastingcompatibledatacopiedfromothersoftware,
thedatawillloadfromthefirst(left)columnuptothenumberofcolumnsallowedinaprocedure.As
anexample,DescriptivesallowsonlythefarleftcolumnwhileOLSregressionallowsuptoeleven
columnsofdata.
Thisoptionisavailableforthefollowingstatisticalprocedures:Frequencies,Descriptives,Weighted
means,Goodnessoffit,Correlation,OLSregression,andLogisticregressionprocedures.
ExportData
UsetheFilemenutoexportdataintotaborcommadelimitedtextfiles.TheExportprocedureis
availableforthefollowingstatisticalprocedures:Frequencies,Descriptives,Weightedmeans,Goodness
offit,Correlation,OLSregression,andLogisticregressionprocedures.
ImportData
StatCalcisabletoimportAcaStatdatafilesandtabandcommadelimitedtextfiles.Createorexport
delimitedtextfilesfrommostsoftwarepackagestoincludewordprocessors,spreadsheets,databases,
andstatisticalpackages.StatCalcallowsupto100,000observations.
TherearefourwaystoimportcompatibledatafilesforuseinFrequencies,Descriptives,Weighted
means,Goodnessoffit,Correlation,OLSregression,andLogisticregressionprocedures:
1.Paste:Selectandcopycompatibledatainspreadsheetsoftware,selectoneoftheaboveprocedures
andclickpaste.
2.ImportFileMenu:UsetheFilemenutoopenacompatiblefile.Oncethefileisselected,theData
Managermodulewillappearwithalistofvariablesavailableforloadingintotheselectedprocedure.
3.DataCube:ClickthedatacubetodisplaytheDataManagermoduleforselectingandopeninga
compatibledatafile.Thedatacubeisonlyenabledwhenoneoftheabovecompatiblestatistical
proceduresisselected.
4.DragandDrop:Draganddropacompatibledatafileordataselectedinaspreadsheetintothe
StatisticalProcedurestabtoimmediatelyloaddataordraganddropacompatibledatafileintothedata
cube.Aswithpasting,thedatawillloadfromthefirst(left)columnuptothenumberofcolumns
allowedinaprocedure.Asanexample,DescriptivesallowsonlythefarleftcolumnwhileOLSregression
allowsuptoelevencolumnsofdata.
StatCalcUserManual
5
DataManagerModule
TheDataManagermodulecontainstwotabs:FileManagerandDataLimit.
FileManagerTab:Thistaballowstheselectionandopeningofcompatibledatafiles.Variablenames
fromthefirstrowoffilewillbedisplayed.Draganddropthesevariablesintotheavailableanalysislist
boxes.Thelistboxformatwillchangedependingonthestatisticalprocedureselected.Asanexample,
intheimageabovetheOLSRegressionprocedureisselectedsotheDataManagerwillallowone
Dependentvariableanduptotenindependentvariablestobeselected.Click“Load”topopulatethe
datagridintheOLSRegressionprocedure.DataManagerwillautomaticallyclosetodisplaythe
statisticalprocedure.Theimporteddatawillbeavailableforallcompatiblestatisticalproceduresuntil
thefileisclearedfrommemory.
DataLimitTab:TheDataLimittabaffectsproceduresthatallowspreadsheet-likedataentry.Before
importinglargedatafiles,thedatalimitcanbetemporarilyadjustedtoacceptupto100,000
observations.Usethisoptiononlyifneeded.StatCalcoperationswillslowasthedatalimitisincreased.
WhenStatCalcisclosed,itwillresettothedefault(200observations).
CompatibleDataFile
Acompatibledelimitedtextfilewillhavevariablenamesinthefirstrow.Eachvariablenamemustbe
separatedbyataborcomma.Thedatamuststartinthesecondrow.Eachrowrepresentsone
observationwithoneormorevariables.StatCalccomeswithexampledatafortheregressionmodules
StatCalcUserManual
6
thatprovidesanexampleoftheformattingrequired.Thedelimitedtextfileshouldbesavedasatext
filewitheithera‘.txt’fileextensionfortabdelimitedfilesanda‘.csv’extensionforcommadelimited
files.Countriesthatusecommadecimaldelimitersshouldusetabdelimitedinsteadofcsvtoimportor
exportdata. Donotuserichtextformat(rtf)oranyothersoftwarespecificformatsuchasMicrosoft
WordorExcelorAppleNumbersorPages.
Belowisanexampleofacommaseparatedtextfile.Foranotherexample,youcanalsocopyexample
datafromStatCalcandpasteitintoaspreadsheetorwordprocessor.
IDNum,Name,Age,Sex,Income
1001,Fred,49,m,56000
1002,Susan,32,f,64000
1003,Jill,69,f,32000
StatGuide
Each module has an annotated example of the output to assist with interpretation. The annotated
guide is based on the example data provided for each module. Click the Stat Guide toolbar button to
loadtheannotatedoutputexample.
StatCalcUserManual
7
StatisticalTools
TheStatisticalToolstabprovides21statisticaltools.
Frequencies
Producesalistingofallthevaluesinavariable,thenumberoftimestheyoccurinthevariable,andthe
percentofcasesrepresentedineachvalue.Frequenciescanbeproducedonnumericalandstringdata.
A ‘Pareto Sort’ is also provided that lists categories in rank order from the most frequently occurring
categorytotheleast.
Descriptives
Calculatesmeasuresofcentraltendency(mean,median)andvariation(variance,standarddeviation).
TheDescriptivesmodulerequirescontinuousdata.Enterthedataandclickcalculatewhendone.
StatCalcUserManual
8
WeightedMean
Calculates the mean for a group of means. For each mean, enter the mean and its sample size. Click
calculatewhendone.Theoutputincludesthemeanifthegroupofmeanshadnotbeenweightedby
thesamplesize.Thisvalueisforcomparisonpurposesonly.Donotusetheunweightedmean.
Z-Score
Calculates the standardized score for a specific value in a distribution represented by a mean and
standarddeviation.
ConfidenceIntervalfortheMean
Calculates the confidence interval for the population mean based on a sample mean, standard
deviation,andgivensamplesize.Theconfidencelevelisadjustablefrom80%to99%.
ConfidenceIntervalfortheProportion
Calculates the confidence interval for the population proportion based on a sample proportion and
givensamplesize.Theconfidencelevelisadjustablefrom80%to99%.
DiagnosticAccuracy
Diagnosticaccuracycomparesatestresulttoadichotomousreferencestandard.Itisusedtoevaluate
thesensitivityandspecificityofadiagnostictest.Thereferenceandtestvariablescanonlybetwo
values(usually0fornon-diseaseand1fordisease).Thereferencevariablerepresentsthegoldstandard
tocomparetothetestresults.
GoodnessofFit
Use this procedure to evaluate the variation in a distribution of categories. Each row in the table
representsonecategoryamongseveral.Foreachcategory,entertheobservedcountandtheexpected
count.Generallytheexpectedcountisestablishedbyestimatingaprioritheproportionaldistributionof
the categories. The expected frequency for each category can be obtained by multiplying the total
observed sample size by the a priori (expected) proportion for each category. StatCalc calculates the
standardized residual for each category. A residual of +/- 2.0 or greater suggests that category had a
substantiveimpactonthechi-squareteststatistic.
StatCalcUserManual
9
Chi-Square
Thisprocedurepresentstheassociationbetweentwocategoricalvariablesviaacontingencytable.Each
cellinacontingencytablerepresentsasubgroup.AlltherowsandcolumnsprovidedbyStatCalcdonot
needtobeusedbutalwaysstartwiththetopleftmostcell.EntercountsineachcellandStatCalcwill
calculateforeachcelltherowpercent,columnpercent,andtotalpercent.
Thisprocedurealsoautomaticallyproducesseveralcontingencytablestatisticstoincludethechi-square
statisticandmeasuresofstrengthofassociation.StatCalcchi-squareallowsforacontingencytablewith
uptosixrowsandsixcolumns.
Z-testOneSample
Usedtotestforthedifferencebetweenonepopulationproportionandonesampleproportion.Enter
thepopulationproportion,sampleproportion,andthenumberofobservationsinthesample.
Z-testTwoSample
Usedtotestforthedifferencebetweentwosampleproportions.Fortwosamplez-tests,both
dependentandindependentvariablesmustbenominallevelvariables.
T-testOneSample
Usedtotestforthedifferencebetweenonepopulationmean(mu)andonesamplemean.Enterthe
populationmean,samplemean,sample(orpopulation)standarddeviationandthenumberof
observationsinthesample.
T-testTwoSample
Usedtotestforthedifferencebetweentwosamplemeans.Fort-tests,thedependentvariablemustbe
aninterval/ratiolevelvariabletoproducethemeansforanalysis.Theindependentvariablemustbea
nominalorordinallevelvariable(oftenitwillbeadichotomousvariablesuchassex:1=male,2=female).
One-WayANOVA
Usedtotestforthedifferencebetweentwoormoresamplemeans.Thedependentvariablemustbe
aninterval/ratiolevelvariabletoproducethemeansforanalysis.Theindependentvariablemustbea
nominallevelvariable(e.g.,race:1=white,2=black,3=Asian,4=Hispanic)orordinal(e.g.,political
ideology:1=conservative,2=moderate,3=liberal).Alltherowsandcolumnsprovideddonothavetobe
usedbutalwaysstartwiththetopleftmostcell.StatCalcANOVAallowsforuptosixcategoriesof
samplemeans.
StatCalcUserManual
10
Correlation
CalculatesthePearsoncorrelationcoefficienttorepresenttheassociationbetweentwointerval/ratio
levelvariables.EnterthedataasindicatedandclickCalculatewhendone.
OLSRegression
Calculatessimpleregression(oneindependentvariable)ormultipleregression(twoormore
independentvariables).OLSregressionrequiresaninterval/ratiodependentvariable.StatCalcOLS
allowsonedependentvariableanduptotenindependentvariables.Thedependentvariablemustbe
locatedinthefirstdatacolumn(leftside)ofthespreadsheet.
LogisticRegression
Calculatessimpleregression(oneindependentvariable)ormultipleregression(twoormore
independentvariables).Logisticregressionrequiresadichotomous(0and1)dependentvariableto
developamodelthatpredictstheoccurrenceof1.StatCalclogisticallowsonedependentvariableand
uptotenindependentvariables.Thedependentvariablemustbelocatedinthefirstdatacolumn(left
side)ofthespreadsheet.
ZDistribution
Enterazscoretocalculatetheproportionoftheprobabilitydistributionatorbeyondthescoreentered.
Thisprocedureismostusefulforevaluatingthestatisticalsignificanceofaz-teststatisticcalculated
manually.
TDistribution
Enteratscoreanddegreesoffreedomtocalculatetheproportionoftheprobabilitydistributionator
beyondthescoreentered.Thisprocedureismostusefulforevaluatingthestatisticalsignificanceofatteststatisticcalculatedmanually.
FDistribution
Enterafratioscoreandnumeratoranddenominatordegreesoffreedom(consultastatistical
reference)tocalculatetheproportionoftheprobabilitydistributionatorabovethescoreentered.This
procedureismostusefulforevaluatingthestatisticalsignificanceofanfteststatisticcalculated
manually.
StatCalcUserManual
11
ChiSquareDistribution
Enterachi-squarescoreanddegreesoffreedomtocalculatetheproportionoftheprobability
distributionatorabovethescoreentered.Thisprocedureismostusefulforevaluatingthestatistical
significanceofachi-squareteststatisticcalculatedmanually.
StatCalcUserManual
12
DecisionTools
TheDecisionToolstabprovidesfourtoolsforcalculatingconstantdollarsandexperimentingwith
decisiontables,queuingtheory(waitinglines),andpriceelasticityofdemand.Anexampleisprovided
foreachtool.TheresultsaredisplayedintheDecisionTooltabandareaddedtotheoutputlog.Agood
referencetextformostofthesetoolsisFundamentalsofManagementScience,byEfraimTurban&Jack
R.Meredith.
DecisionTables
Decisiontablesquantifyintableformtheimpactofdecisionoptionsunderuncertainty.Tableswill
typicallycontainthefollowingelements:
1.
Alternativecoursesofaction
2.
Statesofnature
3.
Probabilitiesofstatesofnature(mustsumto1)
4.
Thepayoffs
StatCalcUserManual
13
QueuingTheory
Queuingtheoryisusedtoevaluatetheperformanceofservicesystemswherewaitinglinesmayform
andcustomersarriveatrandomtimes(i.e.,licensebureau,taxassessorsoffice,emergencyroom).To
evaluateawaitingline,datamustbeprovidedfortheaveragearrivalrate,averageservicerate,andthe
numberofservicers.
ConstantDollars
Thistoolusestheurbanconsumerpriceindex(CPI-U)fortheUnitedStatestoadjustforinflation.The
modulewillcreateandapplyaninflationanddeflationestimate.Anotherpriceindexcanbeusedby
overridingthedefaultCPIbyentering“*”followedbyaCPI.
PriceElasticityofDemand
Thistoolusesthechangeindemandthatoccurswhenapriceischangedtoestimatepriceelasticity.
Giventheestimateofelasticity,thetoolwillattempttofindabreakevenpricethroughiterationsof
price.Bothfixedandvariablecostscanbeincludedinthemodel.
StatCalcUserManual
14
OutputViewer
TheOutputViewertabdisplaystheresultsoftheanalysisinatextwindowforeditingandprinting.Each
timeastatisticalprocedureisrun,theresultsareautomaticallysenttotheoutputlog.Notescanbe
addedtotheoutputbeforeprintingorsaving.TheOutputViewercanopenoutputsavedbyStatCalc
andalsoAcaStat.
TheOutputViewerusesCourierfont.Thisisafixedfontthatensuresproperalignmentofthetables.
Whencopyingoutputtoawordprocessor,thedefaultfontmaynotbeCourierinthewordprocessor.
Thiswillresultintablesthatareoutofalignment.Tocorrectthis,highlighttheoutputintheword
processorandchangethefonttoCourier.Thefontsizemayalsoneedtobereducedtoensurethe
outputfitswidthwiseononepage.
FileMenu
New
Clickthe"New"buttontoerasealloutput.
StatCalcUserManual
15
OpenOutput
ThismenuitemreopenssavedoutputintotheOutputViewer.ItwillreplacethecurrentOutputViewer
contents.
SaveOutputAs
Thismenuitemsavesallitemsintheoutputlogintoatextfilethatcanbeimportedintoword
processingsoftware.
PrintOutput
Thismenuitemprintsalloutputorselecteditemsintheoutputlog.ToselectmultipleitemsintheMac
version,pressandholdtheCommandkeywhileselectingitemsintheoutputlog.FortheWindows
version,usetheControlkeyforthesamefunction.Bydefault,StatCalcprintsadateandtimeheader
andaNotessectiononeachpageprinted.
EditMenu
Cut
Usethismenuitemtoremoveselectedoutputtextandsavethetexttothesystemclipboard.
Copy
Usethismenuitemtocopyselectedoutputtexttothesystemclipboard.
Paste
Usethismenuitemtopastetextfromthesystemclipboardintotheoutputscreen.
Clear
Usethismenuitemtodeletealloutputlogentries.Thetextboxmustbeselected.
SelectAll
Selectsallthetextintheoutputscreen.
StatCalcUserManual
16
System Requirements (required minimum)
MacOSX10.7orlater
WindowsVistaorlater.Windows7orlaterisrecommended.
[email protected]
http://www.acastat.com
StatCalcUserManual
17
AcaStat Software
http://www.acastat.com
StatCalcUserManual
18