Download gps unit iii greece and rome

GREECE
THE GREEK POLIS
 Polis, literally means city in Greek.
 It could also mean citizenship and body of citizens.
 In modern historiography "polis" is normally used to
indicate the ancient Greek city-states, like Classical
Athens and its contemporaries
PARTS/ELEMENTS OF POLIS
 Self-governance, autonomy and independence
(city-state)
 Agora: the social hub and financial marketplace,
on and around a centrally located large open space
 Acropolis: the citadel
 Greek urban planning and architecture, public,
religious, and private
 Temples, altars
 Athens, Sparta, Thebes, Corinth…
 The polis began to emerge as a new form of social
and political organization in the eighth century B.C.
 “Men are the Polis.”
-Thucydides
“Man is an animal whose nature it is to live in a
polis”
-Aristotle
 The period that the polis began to emerge can be
considered not only as the time of recovery but also the
peak of Greek Civilization in terms of politics, society,
economy and culture.
 Poleis were city-states established by the group of Greek
people who proudly termed themselves “Hellene”.
 Independent and self governing; 30,000 to 300,000 in
population
 All spoke Greek, believed in the pantheon of gods, practiced
forms of government, and had the same culture.
TWO FORMS OF GOVERNMENT
 OLIGARCHY
 RULE BY THE FEW
 DEMOCRACY
 RULE BY THE PEOPLE
TWO MOST FAMOUS CITYSTATES
 ATHENS
 SPARTA
 laid the foundations of
 Economy based on
western civilization.
 Economy based on
seafaring and trade
 Birthplace of democracy
 Life centered on arts
farming
 Military center of life
 Oligarchy form of
government
WARS
 PERSIAN WARS, 490 – 481 BCE
 GREEK CITYSTATES LED BY ATHENS AND
SPARTA VS. PERSIAN EMPIRE
 GREEK VICTORY




PELOPONNESIAN WARS, 431 – 404 BCE
ATHENS VS. SPARTA
SPARTA VICTORY
SPARTA DOMINATED GREEK CITYSTATES
FAMOUS GREEKS
SOCRATES
469 BC – 399 BC
classical Greek Athenian philosopher
A founder of Western philosophy
Plato and Xenophon, famous students
Socratic method, type of pedagogy in
which a series of questions are asked
not only to draw individual answers,
but also to encourage fundamental
insight into the issue at hand
 knowledge of the man, his life, and his
philosophy is entirely based on writings
by his students Plato, Xenophon,
Aristotle, and Aristophanes






SOCRATES
 Rather than upholding a status quo and accepting the
development of what he perceived as immorality within his
region, Socrates questioned the collective notion of "might
makes right" that he felt was common in Greece during this
period. Plato refers to Socrates as the "gadfly" of the state
(as the gadfly stings the horse into action, so Socrates stung
various Athenians), insofar as he irritated some people with
considerations of justice and the pursuit of goodness. His
attempts to improve the Athenians' sense of justice may
have been the source of his execution.
Death of Socrates
Jacques-Louis David (1748–1825)
SOCRATES
 found guilty of both corrupting the minds of the
youth of Athens and of impiety ("not believing in the
gods of the state"), and subsequently sentenced to
death by drinking a mixture containing poison
hemlock.
 “THERE IS ONLY ONE GOOD, KNOWLEDGE, AND
ONE EVIL, IGNORANCE.”
PLATO
 429-349 BCE
 Classical Greek philosopher,




mathematician, student of Socrates
founder of the Academy in Athens,
the first institution of higher
learning in the Western world
helped to lay the foundations of
Western philosophy and science
FAMOUS LITERATURE, THE
REPUBLIC
WROTE DIALOGUES, BOOKS,
WHICH WERE CONVERSATIONS
BETWEEN A CHARACTER
NAMED SOCRATES AND OTHER
ATHENIANS
PLATO’S REPUBLIC
 The Republic
 Socratic dialogue written by Plato around 380 BC concerning the definition of







justice and the order and character of the just city-state and the just man
MAIN IDEA: HIS VISION OF A PERFECTLY GOVERNED SOCIETY
ANTI-DEMOCRACY
SOCIETY OF 3 GROUPS
1 FARMERS AND ARTISANS
2 WARRIORS
3 RULING CLASS
A PHILOSOPHER-KING WOULD BE CHOSEN FROM THE RULING CLASS.
ARISTOTLE
 384 BC – 322 BC
 Greek philosopher, a
student of Plato and
teacher of Alexander the
Great.
 His writings cover many
subjects
 founding figure in
Western philosophy
ARISTOTLE
 RULES OF LOGIC
 SUMMARY OF KNOWLEDGE OF THE TIMES
 BASIS OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
 TUTOR OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT, SON OF
PHILIP OF MACEDONIA
 FOUNDED SCHOOL CALLED THE LYCEUM
WHICH RIVALED THE ACADEMY
ALEXANDER THE GREAT
 July 356 – 10/11 June 323
BC
 By the age of thirty, he
had created one of the
largest empires of the
ancient world, stretching
from the Ionian Sea to the
Himalayas
 He was undefeated in
battle and is considered
one of history's most
successful commanders
 Alexander's legacy includes the cultural diffusion his
conquests engendered
 He founded some twenty cities that bore his name, most
notably Alexandria in Egypt
 Alexander's settlement of Greek colonists and the resulting
spread of Greek culture in the east resulted in a new
Hellenistic civilization, aspects of which were still evident
in the traditions of the Byzantine Empire
 He became the measure against which military leaders
compared themselves, and military academies throughout
the world still teach his tactics