Download Life Science SOL Review Packet

Life Science SOL Review Packet
1. Advances in technology and scientific methods led the development of the cell
theory.
2. The Cell Theory states:
All organisms are made up of one or more cells;
Cells are the basic units of structure and function in all organisms.
All cells come from cells that already exist.
3. In 1838, Matthias Schleiden, a German scientist, used a microscope to study plant
parts and concluded that all plants were made of cells.
4. In 1839, another German scientist, Theodor Schwann, concluded that all animals
were made up of cells.
5. In 1854, a German doctor, Rudolph Virchow, hypothesized that new cells form
already existing cells.
6. Cells are classified into two types, Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic.
Prokaryotic cells have no membrane around their nuclear material. (i.e., bacteria
cells)
Eukaryotic cell has a nucleus with a membrane around it.
7. All cells have organelles that perform specific functions. These organelles can be
observed with a light microscope.
8. The cell membrane forms the outer boundary of the cell and allow only certain
materials into and out of the cell.
9. The nucleus is the largest organelle in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells and manages
the cell.
10. The cytoplasm is the gel-like material inside the cell membrane and outside the
nucleus. It contains
large amounts of water and many chemicals and holds the
other structures that carry out the life processes in the cell.
11. The chromatin contains the genetic blueprints that control the operations of the cell
in the form of long strands in the nucleus. It is made up of proteins and DNA (the
chemical that controls the activities of the cell.
12. The nuclear membrane is an "envelope" that separates the nucleus from the
cytoplasm.
13. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a folded membrane that moves materials around
in the cell. It extends from the nucleus to the cell membrane.
14. The ribosomes are where cells make their own proteins. Some ribosomes are
scattered in the cytoplasm and some are attached to the ER.
15. The Golgi bodies are stacks of membrane-covered sacs that package and move
proteins to the outside of the cell.
16. In the mitochondria food molecules are broken down and energy is released fore the
cell.
17. The vacuoles are fluid-filled storage areas in cells.
18. Cells in animals are different from plant cells.
19. Animal cells contain lysosomes that contain chemicals too digest wastes and wornout cell parts as well as break down food.
20. Plant cells contain a cell wall that is a rigid structure outside the cell membrane that
supports & protects a plant cell.
21. Plant cells make their own food in the chloroplasts. These organelles convert light
energy into chemical energy (sugar) through the process of photosynthesis.
22. Normal cell reproduction (asexual) is called mitosis. This is a four-phase process
where cells duplicate themselves, normal cell division.
23. The normal phase is interphase (before mitosis--like an introduction or in between
time).
24. The first phase is prophase where the chromosomes become visible, nucleolus &
nuclear membrane disappear, centrioles move to opposite ends of cell and formation
of spindle fibers begins.
25. The second phase is metaphase when double-stranded chromosomes line up across
the center of cell, and each centromere becomes attached to a spindle fiber.
26. The third phase is anaphase where each centromere divides and the two strands of
chromosomes split, separate, and move to opposite ends of cell.
27. The final phase is telophase with appearance of 2 new cells emerging.
28. Cytokinesis is the cytoplasmic changes that occur during mitosis, meiosis, and
fertilization.
29. In plant cell mitosis, plant cells have rigid cell walls and do not pinch apart as
animal cells do. Instead a cell plate forms and plant cells do not have centrioles.
30. A second type of cell reproduction is called meiosis and is also known as sexual
reproduction (egg and sperm cells). There are two divisions of the nucleus in this
process, meiosis I and meiosis II.
31. In meiosis I, similar to mitosis, you end with two cells with double-stranded
chromosomes.
32. In meiosis II, in anaphase II chromosomes become single-stranded so that in the end
you end up with 4 sex cells with half the number of chromosomes as normal.
33. These sex cell then join with the sex cells of the mate and together have the correct
number of chromosomes needed to produce a functioning cell.
34. Unicellular organisms are made of only one cell. Multicellular organisms are made
of many cells performing different functions.
35. Like cells working together to perform a specific function are called tissue.
36. Tissues working together to perform a specific function make an organ.
37. Organs working together to perform a specific function make an organ system.
38. Organ systems working together are called an organism.
39. Cell organization from simple to complex:
cell – tissue – organ – organ system – organism.
40. Organisms move, grow, reproduce, respond to stimulus, and metabolize.
41. Movement is needed by animals to obtain food and shelter, while in plants only
parts of the plant move (bending towards light),
42. Growth is a change in size and the developmental stages an organism goes through
as it grows.
43. Reproduction is the process by which new like organisms are produced.
44. A stimulus is anything that causes an organism to move or act.
45. Metabolism includes ingestion (eating), digestion (breaking down food), respiration
(obtaining needed energy by combining substances with oxygen), and excretion
(getting rid of waste products).
46. Life span is how long an organism can be expected to live.
47. Cells transport materials using passive methods called diffusion (the movement of
molecules from an area with many to an area where there are few). Water uses a
special process called osmosis.
48. Sometimes substances are too large for passive methods and the energy is needed to
move the material. This is called active transport. It involves endocytosis (when a
substance is too big it can only enter a cell by the cell membrane pinching around
or engulfing it, resulting in a vacuole) and exocytosis (substances in small sacs
(vacuoles) are released at the cell membrane).
49. Plants obtain their energy by photosynthesis where carbon dioxide (CO2), water
(H2O), and light energy from the sun combine in the presence of chlorophyll to
produce sugar (C6H12O6) and oxygen (O2). The energy is stored in the chemical
bonds of the sugar.
50. Energy is a basic need of all living things; Photosynthesizing organisms are called
producers and are the foundation of all food webs.
51. Through respiration food molecules are broken down to release stored energy. The
formula is:
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 ---> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy.
52. Animals obtain their energy by ingesting plants or other animals that eat plants.
53. Adaptation is any characteristic an organism has that makes it better able to survive
in its surroundings.
54. All living organisms need energy, food, water, air, living space, and proper
temperature. Too much of one is as harmful as too little of one.
55. Homeostasis is the regulation of an organism's internal environment to maintain
conditions that allow it to live.
56. Warm-blooded organisms can generate their own heat and cold-blooded organisms
get their heat from their surroundings.
57. Classification is the process of grouping ideas, information, or objects based on
similarities.
58. Aristotle based his 2-kingdom (plant and animal) classification system on where
animals lived and size and structure of plants.
59. Carolus Linnaeus based a system to classify organisms based on similarities in body
structures and systems, size, shape, color and methods of obtaining food. He gave a
two-word name to every organism; this naming system is called binomial
nomenclature (a genus and species name is given to every organism).
60. The Five-Kingdom System is most widely accepted among today's scientific
community: Animal, Plant, Fungi, Protista, and Monera.
61. Phylogeny of an organism is its evolutionary history and tells scientists who the
ancestors of an organism were and helps to classify it.
62. Organisms are placed into a kingdom based on four characteristics: presence of a
nucleus, single-celled or many-celled, ability to make food, and ability to move.
63. Groups within Kingdoms:
Kingdom--> Phylum (Division in plants & fungi)--> Class--> Order -> Family --> Genus--> Species.
64. A dichotomous key is used (and made) to identify organisms using two descriptive
systems at each step.
65. Organisms within an ecosystem are dependent on one another (biotic factors) and
on nonliving components (abiotic factors) of the environment.
66. In any ecological community, energy flows from producers to consumers. Most of
the interactions between members of different species are feeding relationships
involving the transfer of energy from one living organism to another.
67. Food chains are a simple way of showing how energy from food passes from one
organism to another.
68. Food webs are a series of overlapping food chains.
69. An ecological pyramid is a model of energy transfer in an ecosystem. Virtually all
the energy available to the biosphere comes from the sun, but producers (plants)
capture and transform only a small fraction of the energy that reaches Earth's
surface. When herbivores (plant eaters) eat plants, some of the energy in the plants
is transferred to the herbivore, but most of it is given off into the atmosphere as heat.
The flow of energy in an ecosystem can be best illustrated in an ecological pyramid
that compares the energy available at each level of the food chain in an ecosystem.
There are usually no more than 3 or 4 energy levels in a pyramid.
70. The individual organisms of the same species that live in the same place and can
produce young are called a population. Members of populations compete with each
other for food, water, mates, and space. Many populations set up territories for
feeding, mating, and raising young. Aggression, a forceful act, is used to dominate
or control. Populations demonstrate social behaviors that include courtship and
mating, caring for the young, claiming territory, protecting each other, and getting
food.
71. Matter is recycled in several ways in nature. One is by decomposers who break
down matter into its simple elements to be used over again by other organisms.
Another method is by cycles.
72. The water cycle consists of evaporation, condensation, transpiration, and
precipitation.
73. The carbon dioxide/oxygen cycle where plants produce oxygen, animals use that
oxygen and give off carbon dioxide, and plants use the animals’ carbon dioxide.
74. The nitrogen cycle where plants use nitrogen, animals eat the plants (, bacteria on
plants fix nitrogen and change it to a usable form) animals and plants die and
decompose and animals produce fecal matter replenishing the soil, and atmospheric
nitrogen is converted by lightning.
75. Predation is the feeding of one organism (the predator) on another (the prey).
Predators capture and eat their prey.
76. Symbiosis is any close relationship between two or more different species. There is
mutualism (both benefit), commensalism (one benefits, other not affected) and
parasitism (host harmed and parasite benefits).
77. The niche is the role of an organism in its environment.
78. The habitat is where the organism lives.
79. The biome is large geographic areas that have similar climates and ecosystems.
80. The six most common land biomes are tundra, taiga, temperate deciduous forest,
tropical rain forest, grassland, and desert.
81. The tundra is cold and dry, treeless region. It has permafrost, dominant plants,
lichens, true mosses, grasses and small shrubs. The dominant animals in summer are
blackflies and mosquitoes, many birds such as geese, ducks, shore birds and
songbirds, all-year there are hawks, snowy owls, mice, voles, lemmings, arctic hares,
caribou, and musk oxen.
82. The taiga is world's largest biome; it is a cold region of cone-bearing evergreen trees.
Its dominant plants are pines, firs, hemlocks, spruces, and cedars. Its mammal
populations include moose, black bears, lynx and wolves. This biome is also known
as the northern coniferous forest and no permafrost.
83. The temperate deciduous forest has seasonal weather. Its dominant plants are oaks,
maples and hickory. Its animals include deer, foxes, squirrels, mice, snakes, and a
huge number of bird and insect species. It has layers of vegetation called the canopy,
understory (shrub layer) and forest floor.
84. The tropical rain forest has hot and humid and wet; lush, green plant growth, >700
species of trees and >1000 species of flowering plants. The canopy blocks most of the
sunlight. There are animals, which include parrots, monkeys, ocelots, jaguar,
peccaries, and a huge number of insect species.
85. The grassland is where temperature varies and there is little rain. The dominant
plants are the grasses; animals include kangaroos, zebras, wildebeests, pronghorn,
gophers and bison.
86. The desert has hot days and cold nights and is dry. The dominant plants are the
cacti; some shrubs and small trees and animals include iguanas and the kangaroo
rat.
87. The water (aquatic) biomesinclude freshwater and marine (saltwater). Freshwater
biomes include streams and rivers, ponds and lakes. Saltwater biomes include
estuaries, seashores and open oceans.
88. Ecological succession is the gradual change from one community of organisms to
another.
89. Primary succession begins in a place that does not have soil. The first community of
organisms to move into this new environment is called the pioneer community.
90. Secondary succession takes over in a place that already has soil and was once the
home of living organisms.
91. Climax communities happen when a community has reached the final stage of
ecological succession.
92. Phototropism is the growth response of a plant to light.
93. Hibernation is an adaptation for winter survival, the animal becomes inactive and its
body processes slow down.
94. Dormancy is the inactivity of an organism.
95. Factors that increase or decrease population size are population density, Limiting
factors, and carrying capacity. Population density is the size of a population
occupying an area of specific size. Limiting factor is any biotic or abiotic factor that
restricts the number of individuals in a population. Carrying capacity is the largest
number of individuals an environment can support for a period of time.
96. Eutrophication is the accumulation of nutrients in a water environment that cause
excess plant and animal growth that rob the water of oxygen in the summer.
97. Climate change and catastrophic disturbances cause ecosystems to change.
98. Natural resources are the parts of the environment used by living organisms for
food, shelter, and all other needs.
99. Renewable resources are the natural resources that can be reused or replaced.
Nonrenewable resources are natural resources that can't be reused or replaced.
100. Conservation means "saving resources". Different types of conservation are
wildlife, land, mineral, soil, and energy.
101. Soil depletion is the removal of soil nutrients through over farming.
102. Erosion is the wearing away of soil by wind and water. Soil management is the
use of plowing methods that reduce soil erosion.
103. Genetics and heredity is the reproduction and transmission of genetic information
to a new generation.
104. Gregor Mendel did the first recorded scientific study of how traits pass from one
generation to the next using pea plants.
105. DNA controls all the traits that show up in an organism.
106. Phenotype is the apparent physical trait displayed. While genotype is the genetic
make-up of the physical trait.
107. Traits or characteristics an organism develops or acquires during its lifetime
cannot be passed on to its
offspring.
108. Incomplete dominance is when no variation of a trait is dominant and hybrids
appear to be a blending of the two variations.
109. Alleles are the different forms a gene may have for a trait.
110. The dominant factor is the form that covers up the recessive factor.
111. A Punnett square is used to predict the results of heredity outcomes.
112. Multiple alleles are when more that two alleles control s trait (i.e., blood type).
113. Multiple genes are when more than one gene pair controls a physical trait.
114. Recessive genetic disorders are caused by gene mutations that cause unwanted
traits, like sickle-cell anemia and cystic fibrosis.
115. Sex determination results from the combinations of X-chromosomes = female and
Y-chromosomes = male.
116. Sex-linked disorders are closely tied to the X or Y chromosome (i.e.,
Colorblindness).
117. Genetic Engineering is the experimenting with biological and chemical methods
to change the DNA sequence that makes up a gene.
118. The genome project is the ongoing effort to identify the human genetic map.
119. Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution accepted today. Through his
studies and many observations of nature he found how animals have adapted to
their environment. He concluded that organisms best suited for the environment
survived over those who did not and thus died (natural selection). Mutations
(changes in an organism's DNA) could also play a role if it benefits a species.
120. One of the points of Darwin's theory of evolution is that variations are found
among individuals of a species. A variation is the appearance of an inherited trait
that makes an individual different from other members of the same species.
Variations can be small or large. If enough variations occur in a population as it
produces new offspring, a new species may evolve from the existing species over a
very long period of time.
121. Mutations are a source of variation among organisms. The movement of
individuals into or out of a population brings in new genes and variations.
122. There are two models of evolution, gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.
123. Proof of evolution exists in the form of fossil evidence - imprints, casts, petrified
wood, organism frozen in ice, insect trapped in ancient plant resin (most found in
sedimentary rock). The age of a fossil is determined using either relative dating,
determining age by the layers of rock and earth the fossil is in or by radioactive
dating, using radioactive elements found in the in fossils.