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Human simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) Human herpesvirus 1 (HSV-1) most commonly causes Herpes labialis, the medical term for cold sores. However, HSV-1 can cause a few other diseases as well, including: Cutaneous herpes (herpes of the skin) Genital herpes (HSV-1 can cause genital herpes, though HSV-2 is the more common cause) Gingivostomatitis (painful mouth ulcers) Herpes encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) Keratoconjunctivitis (inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva in the eye) In people with depressed immune systems, HSV-1 can cause esophagitis (inflammation of the esophagus), hepatitis (inflammation of the liver), and pneumonia (inflammation of the lungs). Once an HSV-1 infection takes hold, it will usually pass in time but rarely fully clears the body. People with HSV-1 can usually expect symptoms from time to time throughout their lives. HSV-1 is passed through direct physical contact. Human simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) Human herpesvirus 2 can cause many of the same diseases as HSV-1. While both the simplex viruses can cause both cold sores and genital sores, most often HSV-1 is the cause of cold sores and HSV-2 affects the genitals. HSV-2 is also the main cause of neonatal herpes, a potentially devastating disease that can affect the face, eyes, mouth, skin, and internal organs of newborn babies born to HSV-2 infected mothers. The disease is so dreadful in infants and the infection is so common in women (1 in 5 American women carry the herpes virus) that HSV-2 is one of the routine, mandatory tests that expectant mothers take. Like HSV-1, HSV-2 is passed between people through physical contact. Varicella-zoster virus (HHV-3) Varicella-zoster (VZV) causes chickenpox and shingles (also called herpes zoster). Chickenpox involves fever and itchy, fluid-filled blisters. It’s usually a childhood disease, although adults who didn’t have it as children can also get it. VZV is extremely contagious. It sticks around for about a week. Then the symptoms disappear. However, the herpes virus isn’t permanently gone but rather retreats to lie dormant in a large bundle of nerves called a ganglion. In some people who’ve had VZV, it can reactivate later in life, traveling down the nerve from the ganglion to erupt on the skin as exquisitely painful blisters. Since nerves leaving the ganglion supply a small strip of skin on one side of the body, the lesion forms a wedge-shape that resembles a shingle (hence the name shingles). A vaccine against VZV has greatly reduced the number of cases of chickenpox in children and to some extent of shingles in adults. Epstein-Barr virus (HHV-4) Most people in the West know Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) by the disease it causes: infectious mononucleosis, or simply “mono.” Infectious mononucleosis is passed through saliva, which is why it’s often called the “kissing disease”. However, people who share silverware and glassware can also pass EBV. Infectious mononucleosis causes prolonged fatigue, a sore throat, and swollen lymph nodes. Epstein-Barr virus also cause swelling of the spleen, which makes the organ more prone to rupture. Quite extraordinarily (and, thankfully, rarely), EBV can also cause a few types of cancer, including nasopharyngeal carcinoma (nose/throat cancer) and Hodgkin’s or Burkitt’s lymphoma (cancer of the lymphatic system). Cytomegalovirus (HHV-5) Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is very common. About two out of three people have been exposed to the virus. We know this because random testing of donated blood finds antibodies against CMV in about two thirds of samples. In otherwise healthy people with intact immune systems, CMV doesn’t usually cause many noticeable problems (other than a “mono” type of disease in some people). However, cytomegalovirus can be particularly destructive in two groups of people: newborns and people with weak immune systems. Newborn CMV can affect various organs such as the spleen, liver, and lungs. In severe cases, babies born with CMV can experience hearing loss, vision loss, and mental retardation. In people with weak immune systems, CMV can cause: Colitis (inflammation of the large intestine) Hepatitis Myocarditis (inflammation of the heart) Nephritis (inflammation of the kidney) Pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas) Pneumonia Retinitis (inflammation in the back of the eye) Human herpesvirus 6 and 7 (HHV-6 and HHV-7) These two herpes viruses are thought to cause relatively mild human disease compared to the other herpes viruses. However, ongoing research is attributing more (and more severe) diseases to these viruses. Both HHV6 and HHV-7 are known to cause roseola infantum, a rash common in young children. In almost every case, roseola infantum causes a fever lasting about three days followed by a diffuse rash, both of which go away soon after without problem. HHV-6 may also cause middle ear infections and, in rare cases, encephalitis. Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) Epstein-Barr virus isn’t the only human herpes virus that can cause cancer. HHV-8 has been found to be the causative agent in Kaposi’s sarcoma, usually found in patients with HIV/AIDS. In addition to appearing in people with AIDS, Kaposi’s sarcoma may occur in patients with cancer, those being treated for cancer, and those taking powerful immunosuppressant drugs. HHV-8 doesn’t cause significant or noticeable disease in people with intact immune systems.