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Industrial Applications of Enzymes Sector Detergents Role of Enzymes Household washing and cleaning agents. Enzyme hydrolyze molecules, which breaks aparts stains. Example Enzymes ● Protease (protein based stains like grass and blood) ● Amylase (starcy stains like tomato sauce) ● Mannanase (breaks apart a thickening agent called guar) Sector Textiles Role of Enzymes Denim washing, silk polishing, softening of leather Example Enzymes ● Cellulase - softens fibers in plant based fabrics ● Proteases - softens proteins in leather Sector Food Processing Role of Enzymes Enzymes are used in baking, brewing and fruit juice processing Example Enzymes ● Amylase: converts starch into corn syrup ● Pectinase: breaks apart pectin in fruit cell walls so juice is easier to extract ● Lactase: breaks down lactose in dairy products Sector Pulp and paper Role of Enzymes Example Enzymes Whitens paper, removes stickiness, soften pulp to form paper ● Xylanase - helps in paper bleaching ● Cellulase - breaks down cellulose in pulp to soften paper Immobilized Enzymes Enzymes that have been physically attached to a surface Benefits in industrial applications: Multiple or repetitive use of a single batch of enzymes The ability to stop the reaction rapidly by removing the enzyme from the reaction solution Product is not contaminated with the enzyme Syllabus Statement 2.5.U5 Immobilized enzymes are widely used in industry. List industries that use commercially useful enzymes – you must list others than what is in the notes Explain how and why industrial enzymes are often immobilized. Immobilized Enzymes are used in the Production of Lactose Free Milk These are beads that are manufactured to have lactase attached to their surface Reasons for using lactase in food processing: Create lactose free milk for people who can’t digest lactose Increase sweetness of milk (glucose and galactose are sweeter than lactose) Reduce the formation of crystals in ice cream production, making a more creamy texture (glucose and galactose are more soluble than lactose) Shortens time required to make yogurt or cheese (bacteria can ferment glucose and galactose more readily than lactose) Syllabus Statement 2.5.A1 Methods of production of lactose-free milk and its advantages. State the source of the lactase enzyme used in food processing. State the reaction catalyzed by lactase. Chemogenomics and Computer Aided Drug Design WHO: multiple research groups across the globe WHAT: the testing of large numbers of chemicals to see their effect on enzymes with the goal of identifying new pharmaceutical drugs. Research groups then add the information to databases enabling people around the world to share information WHY: speeds up discovery of new pharmaceutical drugs Chemogenomics and Computer Aided Drug Design Lots of different chemicals are randomly tested to see if they inhibit lots of different enzymes Potential drugs go through clinical testing before being put to market EXAMPLE: Use of databases to identify antimalarial drugs Malaria is a disease that is caused by a parasite called Plasmodium. EXAMPLE: Use of databases to identify antimalarial drugs Plasmodium is evolving resistance to our current drugs, so we need to develop new ones to treat and/or prevent malaria. EXAMPLE: Use of databases to identify antimalarial drugs 310,000 chemicals were screened to see if they have an effect of Plasmodium while NOT having an effect on human cells. 19 chemicals were identified that inhibit Plasmodium enzymes. 15 chemicals were identified that effect 61 different Plasmodium proteins. EXAMPLE: Use of databases to identify antimalarial drugs Information about the chemicals that might work against malaria is put into a databases. CLICK HERE Scientists around the globe can access the information and research further to determine if the chemical has potential pharmaceutical use.