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Grammar, Usage and Mechanic
(GUM)
Unit 2: Animals and their Habitats
One Small Place in a Tree
Possessive Nouns and Pronouns
Possessive nouns and pronouns show ownership.
Ex: She owns the red bicycle
It is her bicycle.
It is Kyla's bicycle.
Singular possessive nouns can be formed by adding an apostrophe and s to the
noun.
Ex: cat + 's = cat's
the cat's toy
Possessive plural nouns can be formed by adding an apostrophe.
Ex: puppies + ' = puppies'
the puppies' food
Possessive plural nouns not ending in s can be formed by adding an apostrophe s.
ex: children + 's = children's
the children's books
Possessive pronouns take the place of possessive nouns and can be singular or
plural. Possessive pronouns do not add apostrophes
Ex: my, your, her, his, our, their
Make Way for Ducklings
Plural Nouns
Rules to make regular nouns plural:
1) Most regular nouns add –s
Ex: dog-dogs
2) Regular nouns ending in s, ch, sh, ss, z, zz, or x, add –es
Ex: lunch-lunches
3) Regular nouns ending with a consonant and y, change the y to i and add –es
Ex: country-countries
4) Regular nouns ending with /f/ spelled f or fe, change the f or fe to v and add –es
(Note: the sound and spelling changes when making this plural)
Ex: wolf-wolves
Irregular nouns:
Do not follow these rules. Need to memorize the plural forms
Ex: child-children
ox-oxen
Wolf Island
Types of Sentences
1)Declarative: Makes a statement, tells facts, and ends with a period
Ex: The animals in the forest were healthy and happy.
2) Interrogative: Asks a question, and ends with a question mark
Ex: Did Candice adopt a dog or cat from the shelter?
3) Imperative: Gives a command or makes a request and ends with a period
Ex: Please pass the green beans.
4) Exclamatory: Shows strong feelings and ends with an exclamation point
Ex: Brian and Chris both made the team!
Two Days in May
Subjects and Direct Objects
Subject: Who or what the sentence is about
Direct Object: noun or pronoun that receives the action from the subject
Example: The car hit the tree.
Subject: car
Direct Object: tree
Subject verb who or what
The car hit who or what? tree
Crinkleroot’s Guide to Knowing Animals
Subject Pronouns
Subject pronouns: he, she, we, they
Andy likes to swim and run.
He likes to swim and run.
Kara and Henry prefer to bicycle.
They prefer to bicycle.
Subjects might be replaced by a pronoun to eliminate repetition when writing multiple
sentences about the same people or characters