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Grammar, Usage and Mechanic (GUM) Unit 2: Animals and their Habitats One Small Place in a Tree Possessive Nouns and Pronouns Possessive nouns and pronouns show ownership. Ex: She owns the red bicycle It is her bicycle. It is Kyla's bicycle. Singular possessive nouns can be formed by adding an apostrophe and s to the noun. Ex: cat + 's = cat's the cat's toy Possessive plural nouns can be formed by adding an apostrophe. Ex: puppies + ' = puppies' the puppies' food Possessive plural nouns not ending in s can be formed by adding an apostrophe s. ex: children + 's = children's the children's books Possessive pronouns take the place of possessive nouns and can be singular or plural. Possessive pronouns do not add apostrophes Ex: my, your, her, his, our, their Make Way for Ducklings Plural Nouns Rules to make regular nouns plural: 1) Most regular nouns add –s Ex: dog-dogs 2) Regular nouns ending in s, ch, sh, ss, z, zz, or x, add –es Ex: lunch-lunches 3) Regular nouns ending with a consonant and y, change the y to i and add –es Ex: country-countries 4) Regular nouns ending with /f/ spelled f or fe, change the f or fe to v and add –es (Note: the sound and spelling changes when making this plural) Ex: wolf-wolves Irregular nouns: Do not follow these rules. Need to memorize the plural forms Ex: child-children ox-oxen Wolf Island Types of Sentences 1)Declarative: Makes a statement, tells facts, and ends with a period Ex: The animals in the forest were healthy and happy. 2) Interrogative: Asks a question, and ends with a question mark Ex: Did Candice adopt a dog or cat from the shelter? 3) Imperative: Gives a command or makes a request and ends with a period Ex: Please pass the green beans. 4) Exclamatory: Shows strong feelings and ends with an exclamation point Ex: Brian and Chris both made the team! Two Days in May Subjects and Direct Objects Subject: Who or what the sentence is about Direct Object: noun or pronoun that receives the action from the subject Example: The car hit the tree. Subject: car Direct Object: tree Subject verb who or what The car hit who or what? tree Crinkleroot’s Guide to Knowing Animals Subject Pronouns Subject pronouns: he, she, we, they Andy likes to swim and run. He likes to swim and run. Kara and Henry prefer to bicycle. They prefer to bicycle. Subjects might be replaced by a pronoun to eliminate repetition when writing multiple sentences about the same people or characters