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The Most Misused and Abused Punctuation Mark Rule #1: FORMING POSSESSIVES SINGULAR NOUNS Add an ‘s to the end of singular nouns The girl owns the book. The girl’s book The boy owns the dog. The boy’s dog The baby owns the toy. The baby’s toy The man owns the laptop. The man’s laptop The woman owns the car. The woman’s car FORMING POSSESSIVES SINGULAR NOUNS (cont.) Add an ‘s to the end of common singular nouns that end in -s. Wes’s guitar Add only an ‘ to classical and biblical names that end in -s. Moses’ brother Hercules’ strength The bus’s tire is flat. FORMING POSSESSIVES PLURAL NOUNS Add ONLY ‘ to the end of plural nouns that already end in -s or -es. The girls own the books. The girls’ books The boys own the dogs. The boys’ dogs The babies owns the toys. The babies’ toys FORMING POSSESSIVES PLURAL NOUNS Add ‘s to the end of plural nouns that do NOT end in –s or –es. The men own the laptops. The men’s laptops. The women own the cars. The women’s cars. FORMING POSSESSIVES COMPOUND NOUNS Add the appropriate ‘ OR ‘s to the last word of a compound noun. Johnson and Johnson’s baby powder (last word is singular w/o an -s) The Red Cross’s volunteers. (last word is singular with an –s) Smith and Son’s Electronics. (last word singular – one son) Smith and Sons’ Electronics. (last word is plural – several sons) My father-in-law’s new boat. (hyphenated compound noun) King George III’s army (titles of rulers and leaders) The Chief Justice’s decision (titles of rulers and leaders) FORMING POSSESSIVES COMPOUND NOUNS Who possesses the item? JOINT OWNERSHIP Will and Mary’s dogs are very well behaved. They own the dogs together. Susan, Marie, and Alice’s paper is finished. One paper they worked on as a group. INDIVIDUAL OWNERSHIP Will’s and Mary’s dogs are very well behaved. They each own dogs. Susan’s, Marie’s, and Alice’s papers are finished. They each wrote papers. FORMING POSSESSIVES POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS Do NOT use an apostrophe with the possessive forms of personal pronouns. his hers its ours yours theirs his old car is blue that hobby of hers is expensive its tail is injured that house of ours needs a new coat of paint that paper of yours needs revision that project of theirs is perfect FORMING POSSESSIVES POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS DO use an ‘s with indefinite pronouns Nobody’s turn One’s homework Everybody’s friend Somebody’s cell phone Each other’s backpacks One another’s calculators POSSESSIVES OR NOT? WHOSE vs. WHO’S ITS vs. IT’S WHOSE IS POSSESSIVE Whose homes were damaged ITS IS POSSESSIVE Its tremors were felt many in the quake? WHO’S IS A CONTRACTION FOR WHO IS Who’s going to give money to the Help for Haiti charity? miles away. IT’S IS A CONTRACTION FOR IT IS. It’s the site of a terrible earthquake. POSSESSIVES OR NOT? YOUR vs. YOU’RE YOUR IS POSSESSIVE Your homework is finished. YOU’RE IS A CONTRACTION FOR YOU ARE You‘re going to finish your homework. Rule #2: FORMING CONTRACTIONS CONTRACTIONS WITH VERBS The most common type of contraction is formed by removing a letter(s) from a verb and replacing the missing letter(s) with an apostrophe. cannot should not were not will not she will we shall he would they would we have they have I am you are she is Michael is she has it has can’t shouldn’t weren’t won’t she’ll we’ll he’d they’d we’ve they’ve I’m you’re she’s Michael’s she’s it’s SPECIAL CONTRACTIONS NUMBERS The class of ’03 The blizzard of ’98 SURNAMES O’Sullivan d’Angelo POETRY e’en (for even) o’er (for over) ‘tis (for it is) DIALOGUE Don’ you be afoolin’ me. ‘Tis a long way you’ll have to be goin’. APOSTROPHE ABUSE APOSTROPHE ABUSE APOSTROPHE ABUSE APOSTROPHE ABUSE APOSTROPHE ABUSE APOSTROPHE ABUSE