Download Types of Drugs

Types of Drugs:
Class: Anticholenergics “parasympatholytics”
Type:
Mode of action:
Drug Names: (2)
Uses:
Cautions: (2)
Type: Premedication
Mode of Action: -Blocks receptor for acetylcholine in the automatic
nervous system.
- Blocks at muscarinic receptors (heart, GI,
bronchi, salivary glands, iris) -Inhibits parasympathetic effects.
Drug Names: Atropine, Glycopyrolate
Uses: Increase heart rate, decrease salivation
Cautions: Not for use in Tachycardia or GI obstruction/constipation.
Atropine
Class:
Mode of Action:
Common Name:
Routes of Injection:
Class: Anticholenergic
Mode of Action: Blocks receptors for acetylcholine at muscarinic
receptors. Acts in parasympathetic component of ANS.
Common Name: NONE
Routes of Injection: SQ, IM, IV (note: 15minutes for IM, Within 1
minute for IV)
*Lasts 60-90 minutes* Therefore not practical if dog is sitting waiting
for surgery but has pre-meds administered.
Atropine
Why used:
-Good aspects(1)
-Bad aspects (2)
Effects: (7)
When not to use:
Reversal:
Why used: -Increase heartrate
-Decrease salivation
-Good aspects: Treats bradycardia
-Bad aspects: Short acting, atropine toxicity
Effects: (7) blocks stimulation of the vagal nerve(increases HR), reduces
production of saliva, reduces GI activity, causes dilation of pupils,
reduces tear production, promotes bronchodilation, may produce thick
mucus within the airways.
When not to use: Tachycardia patients, GI obstruction/constipation
Reversal: Physostigmine
Atropine
Notes from class:
Name signs of Atropine Toxicity:
What is the controversy over using atropine:
When is atropine not practical:
Toxicity: Signs are dilated pupils, tremors, ataxia can be treated with
physostigmine
Controversy: Is atropine needed with newer drugs? Some newer drugs
don’t depress HR enough
Practical: Atropine only lasts 60-90 minutes therefore if dog is sitting
waiting for surgery to begin the atropine may wear off before surgery
starts
Glycopyrolate
Class:
Mode of Action:
Common Name:
Routes of Injection:
Class: Anticholenergic
Mode of Action: Blocks receptors for acetylcholine at muscarinic
receptors. Acts in parasympathetic component of ANS.
Common Name: None
Routes of Injection: SQ, IM, IV (lasts 2-3 times longer than atropine)
Why used:
-Good aspects(4)
-Bad aspects (1)
Effects: (7)
When not to use:
Reversal:
Why used: Used to increase heart rate, suppress salivation.
-Good aspects: Lasts 2-3 times longer than atropine, less tachycardia,
more effective at suppressing salivation, doesn’t cross placental barrier
-Bad aspects: Does not treat bradycardia
Effects: blocks stimulation of the vagal nerve(increases HR), reduces
production of saliva, reduces GI activity, causes dilation of pupils,
reduces tear production, promotes bronchodilation, may produce thick
mucus within the airways.
When not to use: Tachycardia patients, GI obstruction/constipation
Reversal: Physostigmine
Glycopyrolate
Notes from Class:
In case of bradycardia should you use Atropine or Glycopyrolate?
Atropine should be used in cases of bradycardia
Class: Phenothiazines
Type:
Mode of action:
Drug Names: (1)
Uses: (3)
Type: Tranquilizer / Sedative
Mode of action: CNS Depression
Drug Names: Acepromazine
Uses: Calm animal for easier handling and induction, need less anesthetic
to induce induction, easier recovery for animals so they come out of
anesthesia slowly and carefully.
Acepromazine
Class:
Mode of Action:
Common Name:
Routes of Injection:
Class: Phenothiazine
Mode of Action: CNS Depression
Common Name: None
Routes of Injection: SQ, IM, IV
Acepromazine
Why used:
-Good aspects (5)
-Bad aspects (6)
Effects: (6)
When not to use:
Reversal:
-Good aspects(6)
Sedation (up to 24 hours), anti-emetic (decreases
nausea), anti-arrhythmic (helpful in cases of some anestheitics like halothane),
anti-histamine, peripheral vasodilatation,
-Bad aspects (6) No analgesia, decreases seizure threshold, no reversal, can
cause low blood pressure, can change personality ie. Cause excitement,
manufacture dose is to high.
Effects: (6) Sedation, anti-emetic, anti-arrhythmic, anti-histamine, peripheral
vasodaliation, effects on personality
When not to use: Allergy testing, patients with low blood pressure, patients
who previously had change in personality, patients with seizure history
Reversal: NONE
Acepromazine
Class Notes:
If you have more than __ in your syringe you should…
What type of testing’s should you not use for?
What patients should this not be used for?
If you have more than .2 cc in your syringe you should question yourself.
Don’t use in allergy testing
Don’t use ace for patients with low blood pressure or those in shock
Class: Benzodiazepines
Type:
Mode of action:
Drug Names: (2)
Uses: (5)
Cautions: (2)
Type: Tranquilizer / Sedative
Mode of action: Causes release of inhibitory CNS neurotransmitter
GABA in brain
Drug Names: (2) Diazepam (Valium), Midazolam (Versed)
Uses: Treats seizures, decreases anxiety, muscle relaxant, appetite
stimulant, modify behavior (inappropriate urination)
Cautions: (1) Is a controlled drug, can be addictive, no pain control
Diazepam
Class:
Mode of Action:
Common Name:
Routes of Injection:
Class: Benzodiazepine
Mode of Action: Causes release of inhibitory CNS neurotransmitter
GABA
Common Name: Valium
Routes of Injection: IM, IV
Diazepam
Why used:
-Good aspects (2)
-Bad aspects (3)
Effects: (5)
When not to use: (N/A)
Reversal:
Why used:
-Good aspects Doesn’t sting in vein, very safe
-Bad aspects Controlled drug, controlled substance, no analgesia
Effects: (5) Treats seizures, decreases anxiety, muscle relaxant, appetite
stimulant, modify behavior (inappropriate urination)
When not to use: (N/A)
Reversal: None
Diazepam
Class Notes:
Whar about solubility/sensitivity of drug?
When making ketamine valium which do you pull up first?
When administering IV what method do you use?
What is this sometimes a substitute for?
-
Diazepam is not water soluble therefore will precipitate with other
drugs, also is is soluble in plastics therefore must not be in a plastic
bottle.
-
Pull up the diazepam first then the ketamine
-
When administering IV administer slowly, or use IM
-
Sometimes a substitute for Acepromazine
Midazolam
Class:
Mode of Action:
Common Name:
Routes of Injection:
Class: Benzodiazepine
Mode of Action: Causes release of inhibitory CNS neurotransmitter
GABA
Common Name: Versed
Routes of Injection: IM/IV
Midazolam
Why used:
-Good aspects (3)
-Bad aspects (3)
Effects: (5)
When not to use: (N/A)
Reversal:
Why used:
-Good aspects very safe, mixes better with other drugs, less irratating
-Bad aspects Controlled drug, controlled substance, no analgesia
Effects: (5) Treats seizures, decreases anxiety, muscle relaxant, appetite
stimulant, modify behavior (inappropriate urination)
When not to use: (N/A)
Reversal: None
Midazolam
Class notes:
What are the advantages to using midazolam vs. diazepam
Water Soluble (mixes with other drugs) and doesn’t irate as much
Class: Alpha 2 Agonists
Type:
Mode of action:
Drug Names: (2)
Uses:
Cautions: (4)
Type: Tranquilizer / Sedative
Mode of action: Binds to receptors on sympathetic nerves in brain and
spinal cord(results in the decrease of norepinephrine)
Drug Names: (2) Xylazine, Metetomidine (Dormitor)
Uses: muscle relaxation, sedation, analgesia (short)
Cautions: (2) Severe bradycardia, Respiratory effects, vomiting,
depressing GI activity.
Xylazine
Class:
Mode of Action:
Common Name:
Routes of Injection:
Class: Tranquilizer/Sedative
Mode of Action: binds to receptors on sympathetic nerves in brain and
spinal cord.
Common Name: NONE
Routes of Injection: IM or IV
Xylazine
Why used:
-Good aspects (4)
-Bad aspects (4)
Effects: (7)
When not to use: (N/A)
Reversal:
Xylazine
Why used: Sedative/Pain Control
-Good aspects (4) Analgesia, muscle relaxation, sedation, reversable
-Bad aspects (4) Bradycardia, Respiratory effects, vomiting, Depress GI
activity.
Effects: (5) Analgesia, muscle relaxation, sedation, Bradycardia,
Respiratory effects, vomiting, Depress GI activity.
When not to use: (N/A)
Reversal: Yohimbine (IV)
Xylazine
Class Notes:
What is the number one side effect?
Other than for sedation what can xylazine be used for?
At what dosage is the reversal to be given?
What is a prevention for bradycardia due to xylazine?
Where is this metabolized?
How long does analgesia last?
Bradycardia is the number one side effect
Xylazine can be used to induce vomiting
Give at (5x) the dose
An anticholenergic can be used to prevent bradycardia i.e. atropine
glycopyrolate
Is metabolized in the liver, metabolites are excreted in the urine
Only about twenty minutes. Alternate pain control required
Metetomidine
Class:
Mode of Action:
Common Name:
Routes of Injection:
Class: Alpha 2 Agonists
Mode of Action: binds to receptors on sympathetic nerves in brain and
spinal cord.
Common Name: Dormitor
Routes of Injection: IM, IV
Metetomidine
Why used:
-Good aspects (4)
-Bad aspects (4)
Effects: (7)
When not to use: (N/A)
Reversal:
Why used: Sedative/Pain Control
-Good aspects (4) Analgesia, muscle relaxation, sedation, reversable
-Bad aspects (4) Bradycardia, Respiratory effects, vomiting, Depress GI
activity.
Effects: (5) Analgesia, muscle relaxation, sedation, Bradycardia,
Respiratory effects, vomiting, Depress GI activity.
When not to use: (N/A)
Reversal: Atipamezole (antisedan) (IV)
Metetomidine
Class Notes:
What is the number one side effect?
At what dosage is the reversal to be given?
What is a prevention for bradycardia due to metetomidine?
Where is this metabolized?
What is analgesia like timewise?
Bradycardia is the number one side effect
Give at (5x) the dose
An anticholenergic can be used to prevent bradycardia i.e. atropine
glycopyrolate
Is metabolized in the liver, metabolites are excreted in the urine
Short only 20 minutes
Class: Opoids
Type:
Mode of action:
Drug Names: (5)
Uses: (3)
Cautions: (2)
Type: Traquilizers/Sedatives
Mode of action: Pure agonist, mixed agonist, pure agonist blocks
specific receptors
Drug Names: Morphine(agonist), Fentanyl (agonist),
oxymorphone(agonist), Naloxone (antagonist), Butorphanol (mixed)
Uses: Preanesthesia, induction, analgesic (most effective)
Cautions: (2) may cause CNS depression or excitement in dog, cats
exhibit bizarre behavior.
Class: Opoids
Methods of Use:
-
Common components of ….
Used to….
“Neuroleptanalgesia” what is it and how can it be produced
-
Common components of preanesthetic protocols, mixed with a
tranqulizer or an anticholingeric
Used to treat and prevent post-op pain
Neuroleptanalgesa is profound sedation and analgesis which can
allow one to perform minor surgery (usually does not work on
healthy animals) can be produced by doeses of opioid at a high
dose plus a tranquilizer.
Class: Opoids
Adverse Effects: (4)
Reversibility: Can be reversed by… __ is preffered reversal agent
Disadvantage:
Adverse Effects: Decreases respiratory rate and tidal volume, GI
function:
initially, increased then, GI stasis = constipation,
Addiction
physical dependence (controlled drugs
=PAPERWORK), Drug interactions ie. in patients on selegiline =
FATAL
Reversibility: can reverse the effects, esp. of pure agonists w/
“antagonists” Naloxone is preferred reversal agent, causes least
respiratory depression, reversal of analgesia also occurs.
Disadvantage: Costly, and requires a lot of paperwork.
Morphine, fentanyl, oxymorphone
Class:
Mode of Action: n/a
Common Name: n/a
Routes of Injection:
Uses
Good: (3)
Bad: (3)
Class: Opoid, Purpe Agonist
Mode of Action:
Common Name:
Routes of Injection: SQ,IM,IV
Uses: Pain Control, Sedation
Good: Excellent analgesia, safe , reversable
Bad: Respiratory depression, GI Constipation, addictive/controlled
substance = a lot of paperwork
Butorphanol
Class:
Mode of Action: n/a
Common Name: n/a
Routes of Injection:
Uses
Good: (1)
Bad: (4)
Class: Opoids (Mixed Agonist /Antagonist)
Mode of Action: n/a
Common Name: n/a
Routes of Injection: SQ, IN, UV
Uses: Pain Control, Sedation
Good: Moderate Pain Control
Bad: Respiratory depression, GI constipation, Addiction /Controlled
substance also partially reverses pain control of agonist
Naloxone
Class:
Mode of Action: n/a
Common Name: n/a
Routes of Injection:
Uses
Good: (1)
Bad: none
Class: Opoid antagonist
Mode of Action: n/a
Common Name: n/a
Routes of Injection: IV
Uses: Reversal of agonist
Good: Reverses opioid
Bad: None