Download Organic Compounds

Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology, 4th Edition
Martini / Bartholomew
2
The Chemical Level
of Organization
PowerPoint® Lecture Outlines
prepared by Alan Magid, Duke University
Slides 1 to 74
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Organic Compounds
Organic Compounds • Contain carbon, hydrogen, and usually
oxygen
• Important classes of organic
compounds include:
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic acids
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Summary of Body Chemistry
Organic Chemical Building Blocks
Figure 2-22
Organic Compounds
Carbohydrates
• Most important energy source for
metabolism
• Three major types
• Monosaccharides (E.g., glucose)
• Disaccharides (E.g., sucrose)
• Polysaccharides (E.g., glycogen)
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Organic Compounds
Glucose
Figure 2-10
Organic Compounds
Formation and Breakdown of Complex Sugars
Figure 2-11 (a), (b)
Organic Compounds
Formation of Glycogen
Figure 2-11(c)
Organic Compounds
Table 2-4
Organic Compounds
Lipids
• Water-insoluble
• Four important classes
• Fatty acids
• Fats
• Steroids
• Phospholipids
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Organic Compounds
Table 2-5
Organic Compounds
Fatty Acids
Figure 2-12
Organic Compounds
Triglycerides—
Formed by three
fatty acid molecules
bonding to a
glycerol molecule
Figure 2-13
Organic Compounds
Cholesterol
• Building block for steroid hormones
• Component of cell membranes
Figure 2-14
Organic Compounds
Phospholipids
• Most abundant
membrane lipid
• Diglyceride
• Two fatty acids + glycerol
• Water-soluble and waterinsoluble parts
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Organic Compounds
A Phospholipid
Molecule
Figure 2-15
Organic Compounds
Proteins
• Most abundant organic
component in human body
• About 100,000 different proteins
• Contain carbon, nitrogen,
oxygen, hydrogen, and a bit of
sulfur
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Organic Compounds
Proteins play vital roles
•
•
•
•
•
•
Support
Movement
Transport
Buffering
Regulation
Defense
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Organic Compounds
Proteins are
built from
amino acids
Figure 2-16(a)
Organic Compounds
Peptide bonds join
amino acids into
long strings
Figure 2-16(b)
Organic Compounds
Protein Structure
Figure 2-17
Organic Compounds
Protein Structure
• “R” groups interact with their
neighbors and with solvent
• Amino acid chain folds and
twists into complex shape
• Final shape determines
function
• High fever distorts shape
• Distorted proteins don’t work
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Organic Compounds
Enzyme Function
• Substrates (reactants) bind to
active site on enzyme surface
• Binding lowers activation
energy needed for reaction
• Substrates react to form
product
• Product is released from
enzyme surface
• Enzyme is reusable
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Organic Compounds
Enzyme function made simple
Figure 2-18
PLAY
Enzymes
Organic Compounds
Nucleic Acids
• Large molecules
• Built from atoms of C, H, O, N, and P
• Store and process molecular
information
• Two classes of nucleic acid
• DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
• RNA (ribonucleic acid)
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Organic Compounds
Structure of Nucleic Acids
• Nucleotides contain a sugar,
a phosphate, and a base
• Sugar-phosphate bonds link
nucleotides in long strands
• Hydrogen bonds hold two
DNA strands in a double helix
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Organic Compounds
The Structure of
Nucleic Acids
Figure 2-19ab
Organic Compounds
The Structure of Nucleic Acids
Figure 2-19cd
High-Energy Compounds
• Catabolism releases energy
• Cells store energy in highenergy compounds
• High-energy compounds drive
endergonic reactions
• ATP is the most important highenergy compound in cells
• ATP keeps cells alive!
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
High-Energy Compounds
Structure of ATP
Figure 2-20
ATP
Energy
from
cellular
catabolism
Energy
released
for cellular
activities
ADP
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Figure 2-21
1 of 5
ATP
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Figure 2-21
2 of 5
ATP
Energy
released
for cellular
activities
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 2-21
3 of 5
ATP
Energy
released
for cellular
activities
ADP
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 2-21
4 of 5
ATP
Energy
from
cellular
catabolism
Energy
released
for cellular
activities
ADP
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 2-21
5 of 5
Summary of Body Chemistry
Organic Chemical Building Blocks
Figure 2-22
Look at Table 2-7 to review
for test!