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Salvete! Welcome to Latin 1 9/9/13 Propositum: DWBAT identify the basic goals and structure of their Latin course for the 2013-2014 academic year Facite Nunc: 1. Take a Course Information and Expectations handout 2. Take out a pen/pencil and write your name at the top of your Course Information and Expectations handout 3. Read the text at the top of pg. 1 and in your own words identify the goals of the course Cogitāte….(Think about…) • What is your first memory of learning a language? • What was one moment in your learning of that language that was embarrassing? • What was one moment in your learning of that language that was exciting? Categories of Assessments • Homework and Preparation (10%) • Quizzes (40%) – Declamatiō (10%) (*incorporated into your Quizzes grade- Quizzes become 30%, Dec. 10% for that term) • Translatiō (20%) • Midterm Exam (10%) • Internal Assessment (20%) Homework Assignments #1 & 2 • Due tomorrow (9/10/13)- Discipulus/a Contact Information sheet completed and signed by a parent/guardian • Due Wednesday (9/11/13)- All materials listed in Materials section of Course Information and Expectations handout Salvete, Latin 1! Remain standing as you enter the room. You will be assigned seats alphabetically in a moment. 9/10/13 Propositum: DWBAT define terminology used to describe the Latin language Facite Nunc: 1. Take out your Discipulus/a Contact Information sheet for collection 2. Turn to the person sitting next to you and introduce yourself. 3. Exchange e-mail addresses/phone numbers. 4. Take out a piece of looseleaf and a pen/pencil PENSUM #2: Bring in all materials listed under the Materials section of your Course Information and Expectations handout Materials • Latin binder- bring this to class everyday and take it out when you enter – Dividers – 50 sheets of looseleaf paper • 3 blue/black and 3 red pens and one highlighter • Homework notebook/planner Heading Name (Section Name) Date Latin 1, R__ Ex. Magistra Snyder Class Notes 9/10/13 Latin 1, R1 Latin Binder Sections • Class Notes – Daily notes for this class – Lecture notes – Worksheets and handouts • Homework – Written HW assignments – Worksheets and handouts given for HW • Assessments – Graded quizzes and exams • Reference Information – Grammatical Information sheets • Vocabulary – Running vocabulary lists in chronological order Cogitāte…(Think about…) • “Latin I is a yearlong course designed to teach students (discipuli) the fundamentals of Latin grammar, vocabulary and syntax while introducing them to the various facets of ancient Roman history and civilization with a view to preparing them to succeed in the IB Programme in their third and fourth years at TBLS and beyond.” • Grammar • Vocabulary • Syntax “Students love candy” • Grammar: •Students = subject •love = verb •candy = direct object • Syntax: •subject + verb + direct object (S V DO) • Vocabulary •student = person who studies at school •love = to care deeply for/about •candy = sugary food made with fruit or chocolate 9/11/13 Propositum: DWBAT use terminology to describe language; begin to define parts of speech in English Facite Nunc: 1. Take out your Materials for inspection 2. Turn to your notes from yesterday and share out with your table the words you associated with the terms grammar, syntax, and vocabulary PENSUM #3: Bring your binder to class 9/11/13 Propositum: DWBAT use terminology to describe language; begin to define parts of speech in English Facite Nunc: 1. Take out your Materials for inspection 2. Write out the following sentence and discuss with your table the GRAMMAR, SYNTAX, AND VOCABULARY within it: 1. “The dog bites the man” PENSUM #3: Bring your binder to class Latin 1 Terminology • Grammar- the function of words in any given clause or sentence • Syntax- the word order and structure of a given clause or sentence • Vocabulary- body of words used in a particular language “The dog bites the man” • Grammar: •the dog= subject •bites= verb •man= direct object • Syntax: •subject + verb + direct object (S V DO) • Vocabulary •dog= mammal belonging to the canine species, known for barking •bites= to use teeth to chew on something •man= human of masculine gender Identifying Parts of Speech in English handout • Take a handout and write your name and date at the top • Put it into the Class Notes section of your binder • Fill in the first 3 blanks on the page (above Nouns) 9/12/13 Propositum: DWBAT define and identify parts of speech in English Facite Nunc: 1. Take out your binder 2. Open up to your Class Notes section and turn to your Identifying Parts of Speech in English handout 3. Write out the following sentence and discuss with your table the GRAMMAR, SYNTAX, AND VOCABULARY within it: 1. “She likes pie” PENSUM #4: Review your Class Notes from 9/11 and 9/12. Short open notes quiz on parts of speech (nouns, verbs, prep. phrases) “She likes pie” • Grammar: •she= subject •likes= verb •pie= direct object • Syntax: •subject + verb + direct object (S V DO) • Vocabulary •she= pronoun standing in for a person of the feminine gender •likes= to find enjoyable •pie= baked fruit dish made with pastry NOUN • A word that is either a living thing, place, object, or concept. • • • • Living thing: teacher, student, starfish Place: school, earth, New York Object: chair, pencil, hand Concept: hope, learning, work, love Where is the noun? • Suddenly, the girl burst out laughing in her chair. • Never before did something across the room seem so funny. • Humor, she thought in her mind, was a funny thing. The Subject of a Sentence noun • The subject of a sentence is always a ______. • The subject is the “do-er” or “be-er” of the main verb of the sentence. It completes the action or condition of the verb. Which is the subject? • Suddenly, the girl burst out laughing in her chair. • Never before did something across the room seem so funny. • Humor, she thought in her mind, was a funny thing. VERB • A word that represents an action, condition, or occurrence. • Action: play, run, smile • Condition: is, has, seem • Occurrence: becomes, happens Where is the verb? • Suddenly, the girl burst out laughing in her chair. action • Never before did something across the room seem so funny. condition • Humor, she thought in her mind, was a funny action thing. condition PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE • A 2-3 word phrase (preposition + noun) that describes physical location or movement. • Prepositions • Physical location prepositions: in, on, at, under, by • Movement prepositions: through, from, across, toward, away Where’s the prepositional phrase? • Suddenly, the girl burst out laughing in her chair. • Never before did something across the room seem so funny. • Humor, she thought in her mind, was a funny thing PRACTICE • With your table members, complete the practice sentences #1-3 by annotating the parts of speech in these sentences 9/13/13 Propositum: DWBAT define and identify parts of speech in English Facite Nunc: 1. Take out your binder 2. Take out a sheet of looseleaf and put your heading on it. For the section, write ASSESSMENTS PENSUM #5: Review your Class Notes from 9/13. Short open notes quiz on parts of speech (adjectives, adverbs and conjunctions) Quiz 1: Nouns, verbs and prepositional phrases DIRECTIONS: Annotate the sentence below for nouns (circle), verbs (underline), and prepositional phrases (parentheses) Dolphins swim across the ocean and jump above the waves. ADJECTIVE • A descriptive word that modifies or refers to a __noun . – Descriptive: nice, intelligent, humorous – Possessive: my, our, your, his – Demonstrative: that, this – Interrogative: which? what? ADVERB • A word that modifies or refers to a verb, adjective, or another adverb. – Examples quickly • Verb: “she ran to school ________” harshly • Adjective: “the _______ spoken words haunted him” Unfortunately today the store is closed” • Adverb: “__________, CONJUNCTION • A word that links together individual words, phrases or clauses to express a relationship between them. – Examples and or – Words: “cats ________ dogs, chicken _____ fish” Because she learned to drive, Sarah felt more – Clauses: “_________ independent” PRACTICE 1. Return to sentences #1-3 and 1. connect adjectives to nouns with an arrow 2. put a squiggly line under adverbs 3. put a triangle around conjunctions 2. Find and list all different the parts of speech which were included in sentence #1-3 in the boxes below 1. List at the bottom of the page any words from #1-3 that did NOT fall into ANY of the parts of speech categories Circle the nouns, box the subject, underline the verb, and parenthesize the (prepositional phrase). 1. In my mind, nothing is more beautiful than stars that hang above mountaintops. 1. Under the sea buried treasure and sunken ships lie in a watery grave. 2. Hope springs eternally, but the blossom of love inevitably fades. Quiz 2: Adjectives, adverbs, and conjunctions DIRECTIONS: Annotate the sentence below for adjectives (arrow), adverbs (squiggly line), and conjunctions (triangle) I walked through a green field and sat quietly beneath a tree. 9/16/13 Propositum: DWBAT annotate a Latin passage Facite Nunc: 1. Take out your binder 2. Take out a sheet of looseleaf and put your heading on it. For the section, write ASSESSMENTS PENSUM #6: Complete your annotation and translation of the ‘Sicilia’ passage (from your Class Notes for today) Quiz 2: Adjectives, adverbs, and conjunctions DIRECTIONS: Annotate the sentence below for adjectives (arrow), adverbs (squiggly line), and conjunctions (triangle) The beautiful girl spoke slowly and quickly handed me the blue book. How does a TEXT convey meaning? • Brainstorm different ways that the writing (or written text) can convey meaning • Write down notes for your group on a piece of looseleaf in your Class Notes section Steps for Approaching a Latin Text 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Vocabulary/Derivatives Context Annotation Translation Comprehension Vocabulary and Context • Are there any words in this passage that you can figure out the meaning of by thinking of derivatives? • What kinds of vocabulary words are being used in the text? • What does the top sentence/paragraph BEFORE the text tell me about context? Annotate the passage ‘Sicilia’ • EVERY word should have an annotation symbol – Nouns = – Verbs = – Adjectives = – Adverbs = – Prepositional phrases = – Conjunctions = 9/17/13 Propositum: DWBAT translate a Latin passage and reorder Latin sentences into proper English syntax Facite Nunc: 1. Open up to the looseleaf in Class Notes 2. Take out your homework 3. Take out a red pen 4. Discuss with your table members: 1. Were there any sentences that were difficult to translate/put into proper English word order? If so, which ones? PENSUM #7: Make a chart (on looseleaf) to list the way noun endings relate to noun function (#3 from your ‘Sicilia’ handout) ‘Sicilia’ lines 1-3 1. Sicilia est magna īnsula in Eurōpā. magna est fāma Siliciae*, sed fortūna Siciliae nōn bona est. 2. in Siciliā vīta est dūra. terra et aqua sunt bonae, sed familiae sunt magnae. 3. magnae silvae in Siciliā nōn sunt. viae parvae et nōn bonae sunt. ‘Sicilia’ lines 1-3 1. Sicilia est magna īnsula in Eurōpā. Sicily is a large island in Europe. Words in ( ) in your translation are inferences. These make the meaning of the text easier to understand. magna est fāma Siliciae*, sed fortūna Siciliae nōn bona est. The fame of Sicily is great, but the fortune of Sicily is not good. 2. in Siciliā vīta est dūra. In Sicily life is hard. terra et aqua sunt bonae, sed familiae sunt magnae. Land and water are good (plentiful), but families are large. 3. magnae silvae in Siciliā nōn sunt. The forests in Sicily are not big. viae parvae et nōn bonae sunt. The roads are small and not good. Review the translation of lines 4-6 with your table members • Note where you need to change the syntax of the sentence in order when going from Latin to English • Note where you need to add a word ‘Sicilia’ lines 4-6 words in yellow = word order changes/word is added 4. vīta est dūra in Siciliā, et fortūna nōn bona est. Life is hard in Sicily, and fortune is not good. in Siciliā sunt parvae et magnae puellae. In Sicily (there) are small and large girls. 5. magnae puellae aquam portant. Large girls carry water. familiae puellās bonās amant. Families love good girls. 6. familiae Siciliam et fāmam Siciliae amant, sed fortūnam dūram nōn amant. Families love Sicily and the fame of Sicily, but (do) not love hard (bad) fortune. 1. The word ‘Sicilia’ appears in this text with 4 DIFFERENT endings. What are they? Sicilia – _______________ Siciliae – _______________ Siciliā – _______________ Siciliam – _______________ 2. What function does the word in bold have in each of these sentences? Sicilia is the subject – Sicilia est magna īnsula (line 1): __________________________ Sicilia is in a prepositional phrase – In Siciliā vīta est dūra (line 2): ___________________________ – Familiae Siciliam….amant (line 6): Sicilia ________________________ is the direct object – Magna est fāma Siciliae (line 1): Sicilia shows possession with the noun fāma __________________________ Familiae is the plural subject – Familiae pullās bonās amant (line 5): ______________________ Pensum #7 Latin Word Ending Function of Latin word 9/18/13 Propositum: DWBAT identify nouns in the 1st and 2nd declensions Facite Nunc: 1. Take out your homework for inspection 2. Take a “Nouns and the Case SystemDeclensions” handout 3. Cover up the vocabulary on the right margin and see how many Latin words you can come up with derivatives for PENSUM #8: Complete side 2 of your Class Notes handout for today Nouns and the Case SystemDeclensions • So far we’ve learned about nouns that have ‘a’ endings, like Sicilia, fāma, fortūna. These nouns are grouped into a family called a declension ______________ because all of their endings involve the letter ‘a’. They belong to the 1st _______ declension. ‘The Rise of Juppiter’ story 1. Are there any words you can guess the meanings of? Come up with derivatives for? 2. What is the context for this passage? 3. Annotate the passage 4. Translate the passage on looseleaf Notāte! The words that begin with capital letters are proper nouns, or names. You do not need to translate them yet. 9/19/13 Propositum: DWBAT translate Latin sentences involving 1st and 2nd declension nouns in the nominative and accusative cases Facite Nunc: 1. Take out your “Nouns and the Case SystemDeclensions” handout 2. Take out a red pen 3. Review with your table members: 1. What is a declension? 2. What declension do nouns that have ‘a’ endings belong to? PENSUM #9: Study for a short translation quiz tomorrow (see handout from 9/18-19) subject -a -ae -us -ī direct object -am -ās -um -ōs The Rise of Jupiter lines 1-3 Terra XII Tītānōs creat. Terra produces 12 Titanos (Titans). ultimus filius est Sāturnus. The last child is Saturnus. Sāturnus Ūranum vincit. Saturnus conquers Uranus. Ūranus et Terra orāculum dīcunt: Uranus and Terra say (give) a prophecy: ‘tuus fīlius tē vincet.’ ‘Your son will conquer you.’ Sāturnus rēgnum amat et fīliōs dēvorat. Saturnus loves (his) kingdom and swallows (his) children. ‘The Rise of Jupiter’ lines 4-6 Terra audit et pro (in place of) fīliō saxum parat. Terra hears (this) and prepares a stone in place of (her) son. Sāturnus saxum nōn videt et dēvorat. Saturnus (does) not see the stone and swallows (it). Terra fīlium capit et eum ad Crētam dūcit. Terra seizes (her) son and leads him to Crete. fīlius est Iuppiter. The son is Jupiter. 1st and 2nd declension nouns • In your notes list ALL of the 1st and 2nd declension nouns in this passage and determine whether they are subjects (nominative) or direct objects (accusative) 1st declension (2) Terra Crētam 2nd declension (11) Tītānōs filius/-um/-ōs Sāturnus Ūranum/-us orāculum rēgnum saxum eum Exerceāmus! (side 2) • Annotate sentences 1-4 by: – Circling subjects – boxing direct objects – underlining verbs PREVIEW: Do you notice a difference in the way the verb in #4 ends as compared with the verbs in #1, 2, and 3? 9/20/13 Propositum: DWBAT translate Latin sentences involving 1st and 2nd declension nouns in the nominative and accusative cases Facite Nunc: 1. Take a “Clash of the Titans” handout and snap it into the Class Notes section of your binder 2. Take out a black/blue pen 3. Wait to receive a quiz paper PENSUM #10: Complete your translation of “Clash of the Titans” Quiz 3: Nominative and Accusative Nouns 1. fīlius deam petit. The son/child looks for the goddess. ____________________________________ 2. deus saxum dēvorat. The god swallows the stone/rock. ____________________________________ 3. rēgnum Sāturnus amat. Saturn loves (his) kingdom. ____________________________________ ‘Clash of the Titans’ translation 1. Based on the way our last passage (Rise of Jupiter) ended, what do you think will happen in this one? 2. Look to the NOUNS section of your vocabulary and put a ‘1’ next to the 1st declension nouns and a ‘2’ next to the first declension nouns 9/23/13 Propositum: DWBAT identify the gender of a noun and distinguish between nouns that have similar endings based on gender Facite Nunc: 1. Take a ‘Noun Gender’ handout and put it in the Class Notes section of your binder 2. Take out your ‘Clash of the Titans’ handout and translation 3. Take out a red pen PENSUM #11: Complete your ‘Noun Gender’ worksheet in full. Study for a quiz on neuter nouns on Wednesday ‘Clash of the Titans’ 1. in Olympō Iuppiter, adultus, deōs et deās 2. convocat: “cum Tītānīs pugnāmus**. ab Sāturnō 3. rēgnum capiemus**. deōs et deās dūcō*, et Tītānōs 4. vincemus**.” 5. Sāturnus rēgnum nōn cēdit. deī Olympiī 6. bellum parant. Iuppiter vastōs fīliōs Terrae 7. habet. Olympiī Tītānōs vincunt. Iuppiter et 8. Neptūnus et Plūto rēgna sua cupiunt. III germanī 9. terrās regunt: Iuppiter caelum capit, Neptūnus 10. aquam capit, et Plūto rēgnum sub terrā capit. Translate on the lines below the Latin text 9/23/13 Propositum: DWBAT identify the gender of a noun and distinguish between nouns that have similar endings based on gender Facite Nunc: 1. Take a ‘Noun Gender’ handout and put it in the Class Notes section of your binder 2. Take out your ‘Clash of the Titans’ handout and translation 3. Take out a red pen PENSUM #11: Complete your ‘Noun Gender’ worksheet in full. Study for a quiz on neuter nouns on Wednesday ‘Clash of the Titans’ 1. in Olympō Iuppiter, adultus, deōs et deās convocat: On Olympus Jupiter, grown-up, calls together the gods and goddesses: 1. “cum Tītānīs pugnāmus**. “We fight with the Titans. 1. ab Sāturnō rēgnum capiemus**. We will take the kingdom from Saturnus. 1. deōs et deās dūcō*, et Tītānōs vincemus**.” I lead the gods and goddesses, and we will conquer the Titans.” ‘Clash of the Titans’ 5. Sāturnus rēgnum nōn cēdit. Saturnus does not yield the kingdom 6. deī Olympiī bellum parant. The Olympian gods prepare a war. 7. Iuppiter vastōs fīliōs Terrae habet. Jupiter has (on his side) the huge children of Terra. 8. Olympiī Tītānōs vincunt. The Olympians conquer the Titans. 9. Iuppiter et Neptūnus et Plūto rēgna sua cupiunt. Jupiter and Neptune and Pluto want their own kingdoms. 10. III germanī terrās regunt: The 3 sibilings rule the lands (territories, regions): 11. Iuppiter caelum capit, Neptūnus aquam capit, et Jupiter takes the sky, Neptune takes the water (sea), and Plūto rēgnum sub terrā capit. Pluto takes the kingdom beneath the land. Noun Gender • The gender of a noun is listed next to its dictionary entry with the letters f. (feminine), m. (masculine) or n. (neuter) • The gender of a noun must be memorized 2nd declension neuter endings -um -um -a -a 2 Rules for Neuter Gender Nouns 1. The nominative sing. ending and acc. sing. for a neuter noun are the SAME 2. The nominative plural ending and acc. pl. for a neuter noun are the SAME ‘Noun Gender’ side 2 • Work through the backside of your ‘Noun Gender’ worksheet – Determine the case (nominative or accusative) of each word in each sentence 9/24/13 Propositum: DWBAT annotate and translate sentences involving nouns of all genders in the 1st and 2nd declension Facite Nunc: 1. Take out your ‘Noun Gender’ handout for inspection 1. Review your HW with your table members 2. Take a ‘Nominative and Accusative’ handout and cross out ‘Homework’ at the top and write in ‘Class Notes’ 3. Take a ‘The Olympians’ handout and snap it into the homework section of your binder PENSUM #12: Complete your ‘The Olympians’ translation. Study for a quiz on neuter nouns tomorrow What case is caelum? How do you know? • deus caelum regit The god rules the sky. •caelum is neuter. •-um tells us it can be either nom. or acc. •Since deus can ONLY be nom., therefore caelum is acc. What case is oraculum? How do you know? • oraculum Saturnum terret The prophecy scares Saturnus. •oraculum is neuter. •-um tells us it can be either nom. or acc. •Since Saturnum is acc., then oraculum must be nom. 9/24/13 Propositum: DWBAT annotate and translate sentences involving nouns of all genders in the 1st and 2nd declension Facite Nunc: 1. Take out your ‘Noun Gender’ handout for inspection 1. Review your HW with your table members 2. Take a ‘Nominative and Accusative’ handout and cross out ‘Homework’ at the top and write in ‘Class Notes’ 3. Take a ‘The Olympians’ handout and snap it into the homework section of your binder PENSUM #12: Complete your ‘The Olympians’ translation. Study for a quiz on neuter nouns tomorrow What case is caela? How do you know? • dea caela amat The goddess loves the skies/heavens. •caela is neuter •-a tells us it can be either nom. or acc. plural •Since dea is nom., then caela must be acc. Nominative and Accusative Practice • Complete all 3 sections of this handout – For section 3 determine what case the noun should be in based on word order before you translate. – Use your past vocabulary notes for help • Raise your hand for a check of your work when you are done 9/25/13 Propositum: DWBAT form verbs in all persons and numbers in the present tense Facite Nunc: 1. Take out a black/blue pen for your quiz 2. Take 2 handouts (Present Tense Verbs and Exerceamus!) handout from the table 3. When your quiz is over, take out your ‘The Olympians’ translation for correction PENSUM #13: Complete your ‘Exerceamus!’ handout ‘The Olympians’ • Iuppiter III germānās et II germānōs habet. – Jupiter has 3 sisters and 2 brothers. • germānus Neptūnus aquās rēgit et terrās movet et equum facit. – Brother Neptune rules the waters (seas) and moves the lands and rides a horse. • Plūto Orcum habet. – Pluto has the Underworld. • Orcus est rēgnum quō mortuī veniunt. – The Underworld is a kingdom where the dead come (to). • prō poenā* Tītānī habitant in Tartarō in Orcō. – As punishment, the Titans live in Tartarus in the Underworld. ‘The Olympians’ • Iuno, germāna, est rēgīna deōrum. – Juno, (his) sister, is the queen of the gods. • dea mātrimōnium servat. – The goddess protects marriage. • Cerēs agrōs servat et virīs et fēminīs** frūmentum dat. – Ceres protects fields and gives grain to men and women. • Vesta focum servat et in flammīs habitat. – Vesta protects the hearth and lives in flames. Verb Endings • If verbs end in –ō their subject is – I (ex. dūcō = I lead) • If verbs end in –mus their subject is – we (ex. pugnāmus = we fight) Present Tense Verbs • Unlike most English verbs, all Latin verbs change their endings depending on who their subject is. In English we can say “I walk” or “they walk” and keep the verb “walk” the same, but in Latin, the ending for the verb ambulāre (to walk) changes depending on whether it’s “I” walking (ambulō) or “they” walking (ambulant). • Whenever you encounter a Latin verb, it will have at least 2 principal parts. ambulō, ambulāre = walk • 1st PRINCIPAL PART: 1st person singular (“I”) present tense form (Ex. ambulō = I walk) • 2nd PRINCIPAL PART: present active infinitive, translated “to ______” (Ex. ambulāre = to walk) TO FORM A PRESENT TENSE VERB, use the following procedure: • REMOVE THE -_________ FROM THE 2ND PRINCIPAL PART TO GET THE PRESENT STEM – Ex. ambulāre - -re = ambulā– Present Stem = ambulā- • ADD PRESENT ACTIVE ENDINGS TO THE PRESENT STEM, according to the subject of the verb. Exerceāmus! • Fill in the missing forms on your ‘Exerceāmus!’ worksheet • Follow the rules on your ‘Present Tense Verbs’ handout • If there is a * or ** that means that there is an exception rule to that form 9/26/13 Propositum: DWBAT identify the conjugation number of a verb and conjugate verbs in the present tense Facite Nunc: 1. Take 2 handouts: 1. 2. PRESENT TENSE VERBS: Present Stem and Conjugation Number Present Tense Verbs Practice 2. Take out your ‘Exerceāmus!’ homework handout 1. Answer the following questions with your table members: 1. 2. 3. How are English verbs different than Latin verbs? How is the 1st principal part of a verb translated? How is the 2nd principal part of a verb translated? PENSUM #14: Complete your ‘Present Tense Verbs Practice’ handout. Present Tense quiz on Monday. Principal Parts of a Verb ambulō, ambulāre : to walk 1st PRINCIPAL PART: 1st person singular (“I”) present tense form (Ex. ambulō = I walk) 2nd PRINCIPAL PART: present active infinitive, translated “to ______” (Ex. ambulāre = to walk) How do we determine the conjugation number of a verb? • Look to the vowel before the –re in the 2nd principal part – If the vowel is ‘ā’ as in ‘amāre’, its 1st conjugation – If the vowel is ‘ē’ as in ‘habēre’, its 2nd conjugation – If the vowel is ‘e’ as in ‘dūcere’ its 3rd regular conjugation – If the vowel is ‘e’ as in ‘capere’ AND the 1st principal part ends in –iō (capiō) its 3rd –iō conjugation – If the vowel is ‘ī’ as in ‘audīre’, its 4th conjugation Exerceāmus! Identify the conjugation number and Present Stem of the following verbs. 3rd -io face- 3rd regular 4th regevenī- 1st habitā- 2nd vidē- Conjugate amō, amāre in the present tense, active voice • amō, amāre– I love, to love 1st • What conjugation number is it? _____ PRESENT translation amō I love amās you love amat he/she loves amāmus we love amātis you all love amant they love Conjugate habeō, habēre in the present tense, active voice • habeō, habēre– I have, to have 2nd • What conjugation number is it? _____ PRESENT translation habeō I have habēs you have habet he/she has habēmus we have habētis you all have habent they have Conjugate dūcō, dūcere in the present tense, active voice • dūcō, dūcere– I lead, to lead 3rd reg • What conjugation number is it? _____ PRESENT translation dūcō I lead dūcis you lead dūcit he/she leads dūcimus we lead dūcitis you all lead dūcunt they lead Follow Rules i, ii, and iii and iv Conjugate capiō, capere in the present tense, active voice • capiō, capere– I take, to take 3rd -io • What conjugation number is it? _____ PRESENT translation capiō I take capis you take capit he/she takes capimus we take capitis you all take capiunt they take Follow Rules ii and iii Conjugate audiō, audīre in the present tense, active voice • audiō, audīre– I listen, to listen 4th • What conjugation number is it? _____ PRESENT translation audiō I hear audīs you hear audit he/she hears audīmus we hear audītis you all hear audiunt they hear Follow Rules ii and iii Present Tense Verbs Practice • Work independently on your ‘Present Tense Verbs Practice’ handout • Use your 2 PRESENT TENSE VERBS handouts (in your Reference Information section) for help Present Tense Verbs Practice I. Circle the correct form of the verb according to the subject of the sentence. 1. 2. Vesta (habitō/habitās/habitat) in the hearth of the home. Terra and Uranus (prōdūcunt/ prōdūcit/ prōdūcimus) many children. 3. We (amō/ amātis/ amāmus) Ceres because she gives us grain. 4. You (venis/ venit/ veniō) to Orcus, the Underworld, at the end of your life. 5. You all (capimus/ capiunt / capitis) the day by living your lives to the fullest. Present Tense Verbs Practice 1. amō, amās, amat I love, you love, he/she/it loves 1. habēs, habēmus, habent you have, we have, they have 1. prōdūcimus, prōdūcitis, prōdūcunt we produce, you all produce, they produce 1. venīs, venīmus, veniunt you arrive, we arrive, they arrive 1. capis, capitis, capimus you take, you all take, we take Present Tense Verbs Practice 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. capiō I take = _________________________ habēmus we have = _________________________ amās you love = _________________________ dūcunt they lead = _________________________ audit he hears = _________________________ Present Active Endings Person and Number 1st person singular 2nd person singular 3rd person singular 1st person plural 2nd person plural 3rd person plural Present Ending -ō -s -t -mus -tis -(u)nt Translation I _____, I am _____ing you ______, you are _____ ing he/she/it ________s, is _______ing we ________, we are ______ing you all ________, are _______ing they ________, are ______ing 9/27/13 Propositum: DWBAT identify the conjugation number of a verb and conjugate verbs in the present tense Facite Nunc: 1. Take the handout labeled “Present Tense Verbs: Conjugation Practice” 2. Keep your “Present Tense Verbs” Reference Info handout out/close by 1. Answer the following questions with your table members: 1. 2. 3. How do we determine the conjugation number of a verb? How do we find the Present Stem of a verb? For what conjugation does the Present Stem change when conjugating? PENSUM #15: Study for a Present Tense quiz on Monday. PRESENT TENSE VERBS: CONJUGATION PRACTICE ambulō, ambulāre: I walk, to walk Conjugation number: _____ 1st ambulāPresent Stem: ______ ambulō ambulās ambulat I walk you walk he/she/it walks ambulāmus ambulātis ambulant we walk you all walk they walk PRESENT TENSE VERBS: CONJUGATION PRACTICE faciō, facere: I make, to make Conjugation number: _____ 3rd -io face- faciPresent Stem: ______ faciō facis facit I make you make he/she/it makes facimus facitis we make you all make faciunt they make PRESENT TENSE VERBS: CONJUGATION PRACTICE audiō, audīre: I hear, to hear Conjugation number: _____ 4th audīPresent Stem: ______ audiō audīs audit I hear you hear he/she/it hears audīmus audītis we hear you all hear audiunt they hear PRESENT TENSE VERBS: CONJUGATION PRACTICE regō, regere: I rule, to rule Conjugation number: _____ 3rd rege- regiPresent Stem: ______ regō regis regit I rule you rule he/she/it rules regimus regitis we rule you all rule regunt they rule PRESENT TENSE VERBS: CONJUGATION PRACTICE habeō, habēre: I have, to have Conjugation number: _____ 2nd habēPresent Stem: ______ habeō habēs I have you have habet he/she/it has habēmus habētis habent we have you all have they have 9/30/13 Propositum: DWBAT translate subjects, direct objects, and present tense verbs in context Facite Nunc: 1. Take out a black/blue pen for your quiz 2. Take a “Case of the Stolen Maiden” handout and snap it into your Homework section 3. After the quiz, take out your “Present Tense Verbs: Conjugation Practice” worksheet from Friday PENSUM #16: Translate lines 1-4 of “The Case of the Stolen Maiden” passage PRESENT TENSE VERBS: CONJUGATION PRACTICE habitō, habitāre: I live, to live Conjugation number: _____ 1st habitāPresent Stem: ______ habitō habitās habitat I live you live he/she/it lives habitāmus habitātis habitant we live you all live they live SCORING: •2 points per box – 1 for subject/ending, 1 for stem/verb definition •1 point for Conjugation number and Present Stem PRESENT TENSE VERBS: CONJUGATION PRACTICE capiō, capere: I take, to take Conjugation number: _____ 3rd -io capi- OR cape- capiPresent Stem: ______ capiō capis capit I take you take he/she/it takes capimus capitis we take you all take capiunt they take SCORING: •2 points per box – 1 for subject/ending, 1 for stem/verb definition •1 point for Conjugation number and Present Stem Exerceāmus! Annotate and translate the following sentences into Latin. Refer to past notes for vocabulary assistance. 1. The god Jupiter rules the sky. deus Iuppiter caelum regit. Directions: Complete 2-5 with your table members. Refer to past notes for vocabulary help. Exerceāmus! Annotate and translate the following sentences into Latin. Refer to past notes for vocabulary assistance. 2. The brother and sister live on an island. (island = insulā, -ae f.) germanus et germana in insulā habitant. 3. You arrive in the Underworld. in Orcō venis. 4. We see the land and fields. terram et agrōs vidēmus. 5. They love to listen to the ocean.* aquam audīre amant. *Use the word for “water’ “The Case of the Stolen Maiden” lines 1-4 1. Vocabulary 1. Who are the major characters in this passage? What is the setting? Do you see a theme in the type of words being used? 2. Annotation 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Subject = Direct object = Verb = Conjunction = Adverb = Adjective = Prepositional phrase = 3. Translation 10/1/13 Propositum: DWBAT translate subjects, direct objects, and present tense verbs in context Facite Nunc: 1. Take out your “Case of the Stolen Maiden” handout and a red pen 2. Annotate the following words using TWO annotation symbols: 1. amō 2. venis 3. amant PENSUM #17: Re-write neatly and place your completed ‘Case of the Stolen Maiden’ translation into the HW section of your binder “The Case of the Stolen Maiden’ Line 1: in agrō Prōserpina, filia Cereris, florēs carpit: Lines 2-3: “amō filiam, Prōserpinam! Prōserpina est filia optima!”, fēmina dīcit. Lines 3-4: puella matrem quoque amat. sed Prōserpina est sola in agrō et Plūto mātrimōnium cum pulchrā puellā cupit. ‘The Case of the Stolen Maiden’ Line 1: in agrō Prōserpina, filia Cereris, florēs carpit: In a field Persephone, the daughter of Ceres, picks flowers: Lines 2-3 “amō filiam, Prōserpinam! Prōserpina est filia optima!”, fēmina dīcit. “I love (my) daughter, Persephone! Persephone is the best daughter!”, the woman says. Lines 3-4: puella matrem quoque amat. sed Prōserpina est sola in agrō et Plūto mātrimōnium cum pulchrā puellā cupit. The woman loves (her) mother also. But Persephone is alone in the field and Pluto wants marriage with (wants to marry) a beautiful girl. Annotate and translate lines 5-9 • Work independently • Annotate each line before you translate ‘The Case of the Stolen Maiden’ Line 5: Plūto Orcum regit. Plūto ex Orcō venit. Pluto rules the underworld. Pluto arrives/comes from the underworld. Lines 5-6: ubi Prōserpina deum videt, monstrum videt. When Persephone sees the god, )she) sees a monster. Line 6: deus puellam capit. The god takes (kidnaps) the girl. Line 7: Cerēs filiam petit sed nōn invenit. Ceres looks for (searches for) (her) daughter but does not find (her.) Line 7: dea et filia lācrimant. The goddess and (her) daughter cry. Line 8: in Orcō, Plūto rēgnum puellae dat. In the underworld, Pluto gives (his) kingdom to the girl. Lines 8-9: deus Orcī Prōserpinam rēginam facit. The god of the underworld makes Persephone (his) queen. Plutō Proserpinam capit et puellam in Orcum dūcit. 10/2/13 Propositum: DWBAT identify nouns in the ablative case in prepositional phrases Facite Nunc: 1. Take out your homework for inspection 2. Take 2 handouts from the front of the room and place them into the appropriate sections of your binder 1. Vocabulary List 2. The Ablative Case PENSUM #18: Begin to study your Vocabulary List for your Midterm Exam next Wednesday 10/9 Vocabulary List: Term 1 Midterm • Fill in the declension number of all of the nouns you see listed in the righthand column • Fill in the conjugation number of all of the verbs you see listed in the righthand column The Ablative Case • The ablative case has many uses in Latin sentences • The one we’ve seen is within a prepositional phrase – Ex. in the field, on the desk, by the door, through the street, across the ocean The Ablative Case • • • • • cum puellā pulchrā = __________________________ with a beautiful girl out of the field ex agrō = ___________________________________ in the kingdom in rēgnō = ___________________________________ What ENDINGS do you see on each of these nouns? -ā • 1st declension fem. sing. = ___________ -ō • 2nd declension masc. sing.= ____________ -ō • 2nd declension neuter sing.= ____________ The Ablative Case • In the plural these phrases become… • cum puellīs pulchrīs = with the beautiful girls ___________________________________ • ex agrīs = out of the fields ___________________________________ • in rēgnīs = in the kingdoms ___________________________________ – The plural ending for ALL GENDERS (fem., masc., -īs neut.) is = ____________ 10/3/13 Propositum: DWBAT identify and translate prepositional phrases in context Facite Nunc: 1. Take a ‘Seasons of Love’ handout from the front of the room and snap it into the Class Notes section of your binder 2. Keep out your ‘Term 1 Vocabulary List: Midterm’ 1. Answer the following questions with your table members: 1. 2. 3. What case are nouns in when they are in prepositional phrases? Ablative What are the singular endings for the 1st and 2nd declension in this case? 1st sg. = -ā 2nd sg. = -ō What is the plural ending for the 1st AND 2nd declension in this case? 1st and 2nd pl. = -īs PENSUM #19: Complete your ‘Seasons of Love’ translation Prepositions Come up with as many derivatives for these prepositions as you can think of ‘Seasons of Love’ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. sine filiā, Cerēs lacrimat et nōn frumenta crescere sinit. Helios, deus solis, deam narrat ubi Proserpina est. Cerēs irata est sine filiā, virī et fēminae iratī sine frumentīs sunt. Iuppiter, rēx deōrum, Plutonem reddere puellam iubet. in rēgnō sub terrā, Pluto imperium Iovis audit. sed prius granatum Prosepinae dat. Proserpina VI grana consumit. quod deī puellās vivās in Orcō nōn cibum consumere sinunt, Hermes Proserpinam punit. Proserpina in terrā cum Cerere VI mensibus vivit, sub terrā cum virō VI mensibus vivit. ubi filia cum Cerere est, frumenta crescunt. ubi Proserpina cum deō in Orcō est, frumenta nōn crescunt. ‘Seasons of Love’ passage • Annotate the passage • Write your translation on the lines below • Consult your Vocabulary List for any words you do not see in your vocabulary box ‘Seasons of Love’ 1. sine filiā, Cerēs lacrimat et nōn frumenta crescere sinit. Without (her) daughter, Ceres cries and does not allow crops/grains to grow. 2. Helios, deus solis, deam narrat ubi Proserpina est. Helios, the god of the sun, tells the goddess where Proserpina is. 3. Cerēs irata est sine filiā, virī et fēminae iratī sine frumentīs sunt. Ceres is angry without (her) daughter, men and women are angry without crops. 4. Iuppiter, rēx deōrum, Plutonem reddere puellam iubet. Jupiter, king of the gods, orders Pluto to return the girl. 10/4/13 Propositum: DWBAT identify and translate prepositional phrases in context Facite Nunc: 1. Take a ‘Prepositional Phrases’ handout from the computer table 2. Take out your ‘Seasons of Love’ translation for inspection and a red pen for correction 3. With your table members discuss 1. Were there any sentences in this passage that were difficult to translate? Which ones? PENSUM #20: Study for a prepositional phrases QUIZ on MONDAY. ‘Seasons of Love’ 5. in rēgnō sub terrā, Pluto imperium Iovis audit. In the kingdom beneath the earth, Pluto hears the order of Jupiter. 6. sed prius granatum Prosepinae dat. But first he gives Proserpina a pomegranate. 6. Proserpina VI grana consumit. Proserpina eats 6 seeds. 6. quod deī puellās vivās in Orcō nōn cibum consumere sinunt, Hermes Proserpinam punit. Because the gods do not allow living girls to eat food in the underworld, Hermes punishes Proserpina. ‘Seasons of Love’ 9. Proserpina in terrā cum Cerere VI mensibus vivit, sub terrā cum virō VI mensibus vivit. Proserpina lives for 6 months on the land/earth with (her) mother, (and) she lives for 6 months beneath the earth with (her) husband. 10. ubi filia cum Cerere est, frumenta crescunt. When (her) daughter is with Ceres, the crops grow. 11. ubi Proserpina cum deō in Orcō est, frumenta nōn crescunt. When Proserpina is in the underworld with the god, crops do not grow. Prepositions • PREPOSITIONS are words (or phrases) that show location movement ______________, _______________ or a _______________ to another word in the relationship sentence . • The noun (or pronoun) that follows the PREPOSITION is called the OBJECT OF A PREPOSITION. preposition • Together the _______________________ and of a preposition theobject _______________________ (and any other modifiers) form a prepositional phrase ______________________________________. Object of a Preposition • Consider the following English examples: • I love my sister. She is great, but I don’t have much in common (with _____). her • Cicero was a great Roman orator. He wrote many speeches and letters, and we know a lot (about _____). him • In Latin, the O.P. will either be in the ACCUSATIAVE or ABLATIVE case. • vir (in villā) habitat. [villā = ABLATIVE] • fēmina (ad aquam) currit. [aquam = ACCUSATIVE] Prepositional Phrase • Prepositional phrases give more information about some part of the clause. on Olympus. • The gods live _____ – What word or words could fill the blank? on, in – What is the PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE? on Olympus – What does it modify? live the verb • over • The gods have dominion ______mankind. • – What word or words could fill the blank? over over mankind – What is the PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE? – What does it modify? dominion direct object Exerceāmus! and Ludus • Complete the Execeāmus! and Ludus sections on line 2 with your table members 10/7/13 Propositum: DWBAT identify and translate prepositional phrases in context Facite Nunc: 1. Take out a black/blue pen for your quiz 2. Once the quiz is over, take out your Prepositional Phrases handout 3. With your table members review 1. Prepositions are words or phrases which show movement or a _________ location relationship to another word _________, _________ in the sentence. 2. The noun that follows a preposition is called object of a preposition _________________. prepositional phrase 3. A preposition + an O.P. = __________________ PENSUM #21: Study for your Midterm exam on WEDNESDAY R6 Contact Info Write your e-mail address on a post-it and return your Discipulus/a Contact Info sheet IMMEDIATELY! • Nayely • Joey • Kevin • Tafari • Ralph- e-mail Exerceāmus! (Let’s practice!) • Put parentheses around all prepositional phrases in the following sentences. Identify which part of the clause is being modified. • Jupiter takes Juno for his wife. _____________ Juno direct object • Jupiter and Juno have one son, Mars, who is the god of war. god predicate nominative ____________ • Jupiter has many other children with goddesses and mortal women. ___________ children direct object • Jupiter in disguise approaches and seduces women. Jupiter subject ___________ Turn to your ‘Clash of the Titans’ handout in your Class Notes Section 1. The siblings have 3 kingdoms. germanī III rēgna habent. _____________________________________________________ 2. The gods fight in war*. (*What ending do you think this word should have?) deī in bellō pugnant. _____________________________________________________ 3. The woman prepares a stone. (saxum, saxī n. stone) fēmina saxum parat. _____________________________________________________ 4. The goddesses love their own kingdom. deae suum rēgnum amant. _____________________________________________________ 5. The children want water. filiī aquam cupiunt. _____________________________________________________ 10/8/13 Propositum: DWBAT complete a practice exam in order to review Facite Nunc: 1. Take a ‘Term 1 Midterm Study Guide’ and put it into the Reference Info section of your binders 2. Take a ‘Term 1 Midterm Practice Exam’ and put it into the Class Notes section of your binders 3. Read over and annotate your Study Guide and be ready to ask clarifying questions PENSUM #22: Bring home your binder to study for your Midterm exam on WEDNESDAY Midterm Exam Format • 1 Latin passage approx. 10 lines long – 15 multiple choice questions on grammar, vocabulary, and reading comprehension – 2-3 sentences to annotate and translate – 2 verbs to conjugate (from your Vocabulary List) Term 1 Midterm Practice Exam • Silently and independently work on your Practice Exam • When you are done, raise your hand to receive your answer key • If you have time remaining, translate the passage in full on looseleaf Term 1 Midterm Exam • Take out a pencil/pen for your exam • Your table should be clear and all binders/papers should be away • You have the entire recitation for your exam • Check the Vocabulary box for helpful information! • Bonam fortūnam! 10/10/13 Propositum: DWBAT translate sentences without nominative subjects Facite Nunc: 1. Take an ‘Itsy Bitsy Bragger’ text and place it into the Class Notes section of your binder 2. Begin to annotate the passage for: 1. 2. 3. 4. Subjects = circle (nominatives AND verb endings) Direct objects = box Verbs = underline Prepositional Phrases = parentheses PENSUM #23: Translate and annotate your ‘Itsy Bitsy Bragger’ text in full How should we annotate and translate this sentence? cum amīcīs nympha silvam regit. virōs nōn amat et mātrimōnium nōn amat. The nymph rules the forest with (her) friends. SHE does not love men and SHE does not love marriage. NOTES: When sentences do not contain nominative subjects, we must look to the ending of the verb, and sometimes the previous sentence, to fill in a subject for our translation. EXERCEĀMUS! The following sentences do not have nominative subjects. Circle the ending of the verb and/or look to the previous sentence to deterimine the subject and then translate the sentence in full. a. in oppidō in Asiā habitat. (line 1) subject = habitat she Translation : She lives in a town in Asia. b. operās pulchrās facit. (line 2) subject = facit she Translation : She makes beautiful works. operās bonās facis, sed sī deōs non timēs, perīculum invenīs. (lines 78) subjects (3 verbs) = facis you timēs you invenīs you Translation : You make good workds, but if you do not fear the gods, you (will) find danger. d. itaque arāneas ‘Arachnidēs’ vocāmus. subject = Translation : And so we call spiders ‘Arachnids’. vocāmus we ‘Itsy Bitsy Bragger’ • Annotate and translate this passage in full • Write out the final draft of your translate on the lines on the back of the page 10/11/13 Propositum: DWBAT identify and translate nouns in the genitive case Facite Nunc: 1. Take out your ‘Itsy Bitsy Bragger’ homework for inspection 1. Take a ‘Genitive Case’ handout from the front 2. Turn to pg. 2 of your ‘Genitive Case’ handout and examine the vocabulary. Write down the conjugation number of each verb and declension number of each noun. PENSUM #24: HW Handout #24 When we see nouns listed in our vocabulary sections, they are listed in the following way: • • • • deus, -ī m. god nominative _________ singular ‘deus’ is the _________ form of the word GENITIVE ‘-ī’ tells us the __________________ ending of the word (ex. deī) gender ‘m.’ gives us the _______________ of the word (ex. masculine) definition ‘god’ is the ___________________ of the word (the word in italics) The GENITIVE Case • We’ve seen the GENITIVE case before in phrases like: OF Sicily was great fama Siciliae est magna = the fame ____ • We TRANSLATE the genitive case with the word/letter: ‘s/s’ OF • _______________ or _____________ • The GENITIVE case is used to show possession ___________________ with another NOUN. Exerceāmus! Read, ANNOTATE, & translate the following sentences. The Latin words in italics are in the GENITIVE CASE. For each, consider how this new case is used. What is the best translation? CAPITALIZE your translation of the GENITIVE. I. nympha Thetis est fīlia Nēreī. The nymph Thetis is the daughter of Nereus. Translation: _____________________________________________ II. Thetis est nympha aquae. Thetis is a nymph of the water. Translation: ____________________________________________ III. deī et deae ad nuptiās nymphae et Pēleī veniunt. The gods and goddesses come to the wedding of the Translation: ______________________________________________ nymph and Peleus/the nymph and Peleus’ wedding. Exerceāmus! Read, ANNOTATE, & translate the following sentences. The Latin words in italics are in the GENITIVE CASE. For each, consider how this new case is used. What is the best translation? CAPITALIZE your translation of the GENITIVE. IV. in medium nuptiārum Discordia mālum iacit. Translation: Discord throws an apple into the _____________________________________ middle/midst of the wedding. V. trēs deārum mālum cupiunt. Translation: 3 of the goddesses want the apple. _______________________________________ NOUN ENDINGS CHARTS DIRECTIONS: Fill in the following charts with ALL case endings for the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd declensions. SOME of the GENITIVE endings have been supplied for you- fill in the rest based on the sentences you just translated. -ae -ārum -ī 10/15/13 Propositum: DWBAT find the stem of a noun and decline and translate nouns in the 1st and 2nd declensions Facite Nunc: 1. Take out your ‘Exerceāmus’ HW #24 assignment for inspection and correction 1. Take a ‘Noun Stem and the Genitive Case’ handout from the front 2. Complete pg. 1 using your notes from Friday 10/11 PENSUM #25 (Due Thursday): ‘Olympus’ Next Top Goddess’ annotation and translation The Genitive Case • The genitive case is used to show POSSESSION • How is the GENITIVE CASE translated? of/ ‘s or s’ ___________________________ • How is the GENITIVE annotated? _________________________ NOUN ENDINGS CHARTS DIRECTIONS: Fill in the following charts with ALL case endings for the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd declensions. -ae aquae -ārum nuptiārum -ī Nereī Peleī Noun Stem • Genitive sg. form – gen. sg. ending – Ex. umbrae - -ae = umbr– factī - -ī = fact– domīnī - -ī = domīn- • Noun stem + ending = form – Ex. umbr- + -a = umbra (nom. sing. form) Homework Review Decline the following nouns in all four cases you’ve learned so far. a ae ae am ārum ās ā īs Exerceāmus! Write in the declension and stem of each word, then decline and translate each form. • Complete the declensions and translations for the following nouns on pg. 3 – rēgina, rēginae f. queen – rēgulus, rēgulī m. prince – rēgnum, rēgnī n. kingdom, kingship • When you are done, raise your hand to get a check from me. Then you may move forward to your HW (‘Olympus’ Next Top Goddess Translation’) – Add the word servō, servāre: to save, serve R1 Term 1 Midterm Exam Results Summa cum laude (95+) • Mirielle • Carlene • Reema • Izabella • Mohammed S. • Paul P. • Abby R6 Term 1 Midterm Exam Results Summa cum laude (95+) • William • Nayely • Paul • Coco • Wuraola R9 Term 1 Midterm Exam Results Summa cum laude (95+) • Anik • Keri • Munir • Robin R9 Contact Info • Dontae • Minhazul 10/16/13 Propositum: DWBAT find the stem of a noun and decline and translate nouns in the 1st and 2nd declensions Facite Nunc: 1. Take out your Class Notes handout from yesterday ‘Noun Stem and the Genitive Case’ 1. If you did not receive a red check on your work on pg. 3, bring your work up to me for a check 1. Take out your Term 1 Midterm Exam 1. With your table members, choose 1-2 multiple choice questions you’d like to review as a class PENSUM #25 (Due Thursday): ‘Olympus’ Next Top Goddess’ annotation and translation Term 1 Multiple Choice Review • With your table members, choose 1-2 multiple choice questions you’d like to review as a class – These should be questions you answered incorrectly and still have questions/confusion about ‘Olympus’ Next Top Goddess’ Translation and Annotation – You now have time to work on your HW due tomorrow • Annotate for subject, direct objects, verbs, prepositional phrases, and genitives – Add the word servō, servāre: to save, serve 10/17/13 Propositum: DWBAT find the stem of a noun and decline and translate nouns in the 1st and 2nd declensions Facite Nunc: 1. Take out your ‘Olympus’ Next Top Goddess’ annotation and translation for inspection 2. Take a ‘Noun Stem’ handout from the front 1. Fill in all blanks on side 1 of your handout PENSUM #26 (Due Monday): ‘The Judgment of Paris’ annotation and translation NOUN STEM • The noun stem is the form to which all endings are added when declining a noun. To decline a noun is to change its form according nominative genitive to case (___________, __________, ____________, ___________) and number accusative ablative singular plural (__________or _______). Find the noun stem of the following words, and then give the case/number combination listed: 1. terra, terrae f. earth, land a) b) 2. signsigna Noun Stem: acc. sg. : servservum facula, faculae f. torch a) b) 5. Noun Stem: nom. pl. : servus, servī m. slave a) b) 4. terrterrae signum, signī n. sign a) b) 3. Noun Stem: nom. pl. : Noun Stem: abl. pl. : faculfaculīs somnus, somnī m. dream a) b) Noun Stem: abl. sg. : somnsomnō “OLYMPUS’ NEXT TOP GODDESS” (LINES 1-3) Lines 1-2: in somnīs Hecuba, rēgīna Trōiae et mater Alexandrī, signum deōrum videt: In (her) dreams Hecuba, the queen of Troy and the mother of Paris, sees a sign of the gods: Line 2: faculam claram flammīs creat. She gives birth to a bright torch with flames. Line 3: rēgulus Aesacus signum intellegit: Prince Aesacus recognizes the sign: Line 3: ‘ob fīlium Trōia occidet.’ ‘Troy will fall on account of (your) son’. “OLYMPUS’ NEXT TOP GODDESS” (LINES 4-8) Line 4: nec Priamus nec Hecuba filium interficere cupit, Neither Priam nor Hecuba want to kill (their) son, Lines 4-5: itaque servus eum ad Īdam portat et ibi reliquit. and so a slave carries him to Mt. Ida and abandons (him) there. Line 6: fīlius nōn cadit, quod eum ursa servat. The son does not die, because a female bear saves him. Lines 6-8: ubi servus rēvenit, tamen eum vīvum invenit et eum in tectō velut fīlium suum alit. When the slave returns, he finds him still living and rears him in (his) home just as (if) (he were) his own son. 10/21/13 Propositum: DWBAT translate and identify ablative of means nouns Facite Nunc: 1. Take out your ‘Wedding of Peleus and Thetis’ translation for inspection and correction 1. Take an ‘Ablative of Means’ handout and snap it into the Class Notes section of your binder 1. Take a ‘Term 1 Vocabulary List: Translatio’ and put it into the Vocabulary section of your binder 1. Fill in the DECLENSION number of each noun and the CONJUGATION number of each verb in the right-hand column of your Vocabulary List PENSUM #27: Noun stem and declension quiz WEDNESDAY (see notes from 10/15, 10/17) ‘THE WEDDING OF PELEUS AND THETIS’ Lines 1: Thetis est nympha aquae. Thetis is a nymph of the water. Lines 1-2: avus, deus Prōteus, ōrāculum dīcit: (Her) grandfather, the god Proteus, speaks (gives) a prophecy: Line 2: ‘fīlium creābis et fīlius patrem vincet.’ ‘You will give birth to a son and (your) son will conquer (his) father.’ Lines 3-4: Iuppiter nympham amat, sed Thetis eum (cum) verbīs ōrāculāriīs terret; Jupiter loves the nymph but Thetis frightens him with the prophetic words; Line 4: itaque deus in matrimōnium Pēleī dūcit. And so the god leads (her) into Peleus’ marriage (marriage with Peleus) Line 5: Pēleus nōn est deus sed vir. Peleus is not a god but a man. ‘THE WEDDING OF PELEUS AND THETIS’ Lines 6-7: deī et deae ad nuptiās veniunt, sed deam Discordiam nōn invītant. The gods and goddesses come to the wedding, but they do not invite the goddess Discord. Lines 7-8: ubi dea ad Olympum venit, deī eam ā nuptiīs āvertunt. When the goddess come to Mt. Olympus, the gods turn her away from the wedding. Line 8: dea īrāta consilium capit: The angry goddess seizes (forms) a plan: Lines 8-9: “discordiam in animōs virōrum et fēminārum agere cupiō. “I want to drive conflict/animosity into the minds of men and women. ‘THE WEDDING OF PELEUS AND THETIS’ Line 9: ex aurō mālum faciō. I (will) make an apple out of gold. Line 10: (cum) mālō nuptiās pervertere possum.” I (will be) able to ruin the wedding with an apple.” Line 11-12: ad Olympum revenit et mālum in medium nuptiārum iacit. (She) returns to Olympus and throws an apple into the middle of the wedding. Line 12: in mālō aureō est verbum: ‘PULCHERRIMAE.’ On the golden apple is the word ‘TO THE FAIREST’. Ablative of Means • Up until now, we’ve only seen the ABLATIVE case used in prepositional phrases: Ex. in rēgnō = in the kingdom sub terrā = underneath the earth cum amīcīs = with friends Ablative of Means However, the ABLATIVE CASE can ALSO be used without a preposition. For example, look at the following sentence from “THE WEDDING OF PELEUS AND THETIS” Line 10: mālō nuptiās pervertere possum. = I am able to ruin the wedding _____ an apple. What word should be used to translate the ABLATIVE noun mālō? ______________ with Ablative of Means A noun in the ABLATIVE CASE can be used without a preposition to express the MEANS or INSTRUMENT by which the action is done. This noun is always an OBJECT or ABSTRACT noun. The ABLATIVE OF MEANS can be translated with the English prepositions: by _____________ with _____________ in _____________ BWIOF on _____________ from __________ Exerceāmus! ANNOTATE & translate the sentences. • Identify the ablative of means word in each sentence • Choose the best English preposition (BWIOF) to translate it based on CONTEXT • Translate the sentence in full Exerceāmus! 1. Plūto rōtīs ex terrā venit. [rotae, -ārum, f.pl. chariot (lit. wheels)] rōtīs a) Ablative of Means noun= ____________ b) English preposition used to translate Ablative of Means on/in noun = _________ c) Sentence Translation: Pluto comes out of the earth on a chariot/wheels. _____________________________________________ Exerceāmus! 2. verbīs nympha deum terret. verbīs a) Ablative of Means noun= ____________ b) English preposition used to translate Ablative of Means with noun = _________ c) Sentence Translation: The nymph frightens the god with words. _____________________________________________ Exerceāmus! 3. Rhea virum saxō fallit. [fallō, -ere, fefellī deceive] saxō a) Ablative of Means noun= ____________ b) English preposition used to translate Ablative of Means noun = by/with _________ c) Sentence Translation: Rhea deceives (her) husband with/by (means of) a stone. _____________________________________________ 10/22/13 Propositum: DWBAT annotate and translate a passage in groups using group work roles and norms Facite Nunc: 1. Take an ‘Olympus’ Next Top Goddess Part II’ handout and snap it into the Class Notes section of your binder 1. Keep out your ‘Ablative of Means’ handout from yesterday for inspection PENSUM #27: Noun stem and declension quiz TOMORROW (see notes from 10/15, 10/17, 10/22) “OLYMPUS’ NEXT TOP GODDESS” PART II Group Translation • 1 person will lead in reference/vocabulary – “This word means ______as we can see from the Term 1 Midterm/Translatiō Vocabulary List” – “This word is the _____ gender” – “That is an accusative plural ending as we can see from the chart of noun endings on the Genitive Case handout “ • 1 person will lead in annotation – “We should circle this word as the subject because it has a nominative ending” – “Let’s parenthesize in regnō because it’s a prepositional phrase” • 1-2 people will lead in translation – “Since _____ is the subject, our translation should start off with this word. ‘The nymph…’” – “Now lets translate the verb. ‘The nymph is….’” ‘“OLYMPUS’ NEXT TOP GODDESS” PART II ’ • Annotate for: – Subject (and verb ending) – Direct object – Verb – Prepositional phrase – Genitive nouns • Translate on the space below Quiz 7 PRACTICE: Noun Declensions DIRECTIONS: Write in the declension and stem of each word. Then decline the noun in Latin and translate each form into English. 2nd signum signī signum signō the/a sign signa of the sign sign- the signs of the signs (verb) the sign signa (verb) the signs BWIOF the sign signīs BWIOF the signs Quiz 7 PRACTICE: Noun Declensions DIRECTIONS: Write in the declension and stem of each word. Then decline the noun in Latin and translate each form into English. ager, agrī m. field ager agrī agrum agrō the/a field 2nd agrī agr- the fields of the field agrōrum (verb) the field agrōs (verb) the fields BWIOF the field agrīs BWIOF the fields of the fields Quiz 7 PRACTICE: Noun Declensions DIRECTIONS: Write in the declension and stem of each word. Then decline the noun in Latin and translate each form into English. puella, puellae f. girl puella puellae puellam puellā the/a girl of the girl 1st puell- puellae the girls puellārum of the girls (verb) the girl puellās (verb) the girls BWIOF the girl puellīs BWIOF the girls What father of Jupiter was deceived by his wife into eating a stone in place of his child? CRONUS/SATURNUS Name another one of the children of Cronus and Rhea Juno/Hera, Pluto/Hades, Vesta/Hestia, Ceres/Demeter, Neptune/Poseidon What is the name given to this group of children, based on the name of the mountain on which they live? The Olympians TBLS Certamen Club • Interested in mythology? Like answering competitive questions about ancient history and culture? Want to learn more about Latin in an informal setting? • Want to take a trip to YALE UNIVERSITY? • Come to an informational CERTAMEN meeting tomorrow at 2:45 in room 102. 10/23/13 Propositum: DWBAT annotate and translate a passage in groups using group work roles and norms Facite Nunc: 1. Take out your ‘Olympus’ Next Top Goddess Part II’ handout 1. Take out a black/blue pen for your quiz PENSUM #28: Ablative of Means quiz FRIDAY (see notes from 10/21) Quiz 7: Noun Declension • Find the declension number, stem of each noun • List all forms in each case/number combination • Translate all forms “OLYMPUS’ NEXT TOP GODDESS” PART II Group Translation • 1 person will lead in reference/vocabulary – “This word means ______as we can see from the Term 1 Midterm/Translatiō Vocabulary List” – “This word is the _____ gender” – “That is an accusative plural ending as we can see from the chart of noun endings on the Genitive Case handout “ • 1 person will lead in annotation – “We should circle this word as the subject because it has a nominative ending” – “Let’s parenthesize in regnō because it’s a prepositional phrase” • 1-2 people will lead in translation – “Since _____ is the subject, our translation should start off with this word. ‘The nymph…’” – “Now lets translate the verb. ‘The nymph is….’” ‘“OLYMPUS’ NEXT TOP GODDESS” PART II ’ • Annotate for: – Subject (and verb ending) – Direct object – Verb – Prepositional phrase – Genitive nouns • I will collect 1 annotation and translation PER GROUP by the end of the period to be graded. 10/24/13 Propositum: DWBAT identify and translate verbs in the imperfect tense Facite Nunc: 1. Take an ‘Imperfect Tense’ handout from the front 2. Write out and annotate this English sentence on a sheet of looseleaf: – Paris wants to marry Helen, but she already married Menelaus 3. ALL TABLES except for 3 and 4 must turn in their group work translation from yesterday IMMEDIATELY PENSUM #29: Complete your Imperfect Tense handout in full. Ablative of Means quiz TOMORROW (see notes from 10/21) Annotate: Paris wants to marry Helen, but she already married Menelaus What are the two CONJUGATED verbs in this sentence? wants, married What is the difference in the TIME in which the verbs take place? wants = present time married = past time The time when a verb happens is called its TENSE. An Introduction to TENSE • The TENSE of a verb not only tells the TIME it takes place (past, present, or future) but also... the ASPECT How does the verb happen? (simple? progressive/repeated? completed? emphatic?) • PRESENT TIME – – – – SIMPLE: I walk. Does not tell HOW the action happens. PROGRESSIVE: I am walking. Emphasizes the action IN PROGRESS. EMPHATIC: I do walk. Emphasizes the occurrence of the action. COMPLETED: I have walked. Indicated the action is COMPLETED. • PAST TIME – – – – SIMPLE: I learned. PROGRESSIVE: I was learning. EMPHATIC: I did learn. COMPLETED: I had learned. The IMPERFECT Tense in Latin • So far, we have only had verbs in the PRESENT TENSE. The present tense in Latin is in present TIME and has SIMPLE, PROGRESSIVE, or EMPHATIC aspect: • e.g. amō means I love, I am loving, or I do love. • The IMPERFECT TENSE in Latin means PAST TIME and PROGRESSIVE aspect: • e.g. amābam translates to – I was loving. The action was IN PROGRESS in the past. – I used to love. The action happened REPEATEDLY in the past. • The IMPERFECT TENSE is marked by the TENSE SIGN –bā- or –ēbā-. This is an INFIX, or letter combination that appears in the middle of a word. • The verb est (he/she/it is) and sunt (they are) are IRREGULAR. Their imperfect equivalents are erat (he/she/it was) and erant (they were). Daphne and Apollo • Annotate and translate on looseleaf the passage ‘Daphne and Apollo’ on pg. 2 – servō, servāre: to save, protect, preserve • Look out for the IMPERFECT TENSE verbs and list them below the Latin passage – What INFIX are you looking for to identify an IMPERFECT TENSE verb? MEDITATIO • Find, list, and translate all verbs from the passage that are in the IMPERFECT TENSE. erat he/she/it was – ______________________ he/she/it was hunting, used to hunt – ______________________ agitābat amābat he/she/it was (x loving, – ______________________ 2) used to love he/she/it was saving, used to save servābat – ______________________ he/she/it was watching, used to watch spectābat ______________________ he/she/it was wanting, used to want cūpiēbat – ______________________ 10/25/13 Propositum: DWBAT identify and translate verbs in the imperfect tense Facite Nunc: 1. Take an ‘Forming the Imperfect Tense’ handout from the front 2. Take out your HW for inspection and correction and turn to pg. 2 3. Ablative of Means quiz postponed until WEDNESDAY PENSUM #30: Study ALL notes and your Term 1 Vocabulary Lists: Midterm and Translatio for your Translatio on TUESDAY I III IV vocā- ba t dūc- ēba nt audi- ēbā mus h/s/I was calling, h/s/I used to call they were leading, they used to lead we were hearing, we used to hear • What patterns do you notice about how the infix according to the conjugation number of the verb? Imperfect Tense Formation Exerceāmus! Conjugate and translate habēbāmus we were having, habēbās habēbat you were having, you used to have h/s/i/ was having, h/s/I used to have habēbātis habēbant we used to have you all were having, you all used to have they were having, they used to have • Finish sides 1 and 2 of your worksheet in full • Raise your hand for a check of your work when you are done 10/28/13 Propositum: DWBAT complete a practice Translatiō exam in order to assess their skills and content knowledge for the upcoming assessment Facite Nunc: 1. Take a ‘Term 1 Practice Translatio’ packet from the front and snap it into the Class Notes section of your binders 2. Turn to pg. 3 and read and annotate (highlight important information, write questions) the Translatiō rubric PENSUM #31: Study ALL notes and your Term 1 Vocabulary Lists: Midterm and Translatio for your Translatio TOMORROW Translatiō Exam (20% of Term Grade) • You have the entire recitation to complete the exam • Annotation is STRONGLY encouraged but will not be graded • This is exam is designed to assess your present level of skill in translation in grammar (50%), vocabulary (25%) and semantics (25%). Ulixes ingeniōsus, vir insūlae Ithacae, ā tectō et ā fēminā et ā puerō discēdere nōn optābat. GOOD semantics, vocabulary and grammar: The clever Ulysses, a man of the island of Ithaca, was not wanting to depart from (his) home and from (his) wife and (his) boy. • BAD semantics: Ulysses clever, man of island of Ithaca, from home and from wife and from boy to leave was not wanting. • BAD vocabulary: Ingenious Ulysses, the master of the town of Ithaca, was not trying to run away from (his) tent and from (his) female and (his) puddle. • BAD grammar: The islands of Ithaca do not want the man, clever Ulysses, to leave from (his) home and from (his) wife and from (his) boy. Term 1 Practice Translatio • Silently and independently complete your practice translatiō exam – You should aim to get through line 7 • You may use your notes to look up information, but make a note to study anything you find yourself looking up tonight Term 1 Practice Translatio ANSWER KEY Lines 2-3: itaque consilium capit et dīcit: And so/therefore he seizes (forms/makes/creates) a plan and says: Lines 3-5: ‘meum familiam esse solam nōn optō quod Helena ā virō, Menelāō, discedēbat. ‘I do not want my family to be alone because Helen was departing/leaving from her man (husband), Menelaus. Lines 5-6: ubi Graecī cum Trōiānīs bellum gerunt, in tectō maneō. When the Greeks wage war with the Trojans, I (will) remain/stay in (my) home. Lines 6-7: sī Graecī mē insanum vident, ad Trōiam nōn mittent.’ If the Greeks see me (as) insane, they will not send me to Troy.’ Term 1 Practice Translatio ANSWER KEY Lines 8-9: ubi nūntius Graecōrum Ulixem petit, virum insanum videt. When a messenger of the Greeks seeks Ulysses, he sees an insane man. Lines 9-10: Ulixes agrōs arābat et agrōs micīs salis serēbat. Ulysses was plowing fields and was sowing the fields with grains of salt. Lines 10-11: nūntius puerum capit et eum in viā aratrī ponit. The messenger seizes the boy and places him in the path of the plough. Binder Check • Make sure you have the following worksheets: – Term 1 Vocabulary List: Midterm – Term 1 Vocabulary List: Translatiō – Midterm Study Guide • If you need any copies, come pick them up from me in Room 103 Term 1 TRANSLATIŌ EXAM • You have the entire recitation to complete your exam • The first and last lines (which are underlined) have been translated for you • You may work in pencil • You may detach your text from your answer page, but if you do write your name on BOTH pages • If you finish early, hand in your exam and take out non Latin related work • Bonam fortūnam! 10/30/13 Propositum: DWBAT identify and practice skills and content that will appear on the Term 1 IA Exam Facite Nunc: 1. Take a 1. ‘Term 1 IA Study Guide’ packet 2. ‘Term 1 IA Exercises’ packet 2. Read through the Term 1 IA Study Guide and annotate for 1. Most important content to study 2. Clarifying questions on format/content PENSUM #32: Complete ‘Term 1 IA Exercises’ packet in full Term 1 Latin IA • Thursday morning November 7th at 8 AM • Exam will last 2 hours 15 minutes • The exam is designed to take approx. 1 hour 40 minutes • You will be responsible for all content and skills listed within your Study Guide packet Format of the IA • The IA is the SAME format as the MIDTERM EXAM—only longer, and with the addition of Section C: • • Section A: Multiple-Choice (30 questions) • Section B: Translation (3 sentences) • Section C: Reading Comprehension (3-5 short answer questions) Term 1 IA Exercises Packet • Work with your table members to complete your Exercises packet • DO NOT use your notes • The table to complete their work with the most accuracy and speed will earn 3 FACTIONES points! 7) The baby was a boy. Choose the Latin. • (a) puer (b) puerī (c) puerum (d) puerō 9) vir ________ timēbat. Fill in the blank. (a) orāculum (b) orāculī (c) orāculō (d) orāculōrum 11) dea ad ________ currit. Fill in the blank. (a) Olympus (b) Olympum (c) Olympō (d) Olympī 10/30/13 Propositum: DWBAT identify and practice skills and content that will appear on the Term 1 IA Exam Facite Nunc: 1. Take a TERM 1 INTERIM ASSESSMENT Practice TEXT: The Abduction of Proserpina: III Perspectives’ 2. Annotate for verbs only, circling endings PENSUM #33: Complete your translation of ‘The Abduction of Proserpina: III Perspectives’ Conjugating the IMPERFECT tense To conjugate an imperfect tense verb: 1. Find the present stem (2nd PP – ‘re’) dare – ‘re’ = da2. Add the infix (bā for 1st and 2nd conjugations, ēbā- for 3rd, 3rd –io and 4th) -bā3. Add personal endings (-m, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt) daba m dabas dabat I was giving, I used to give you were giving, you used to give he/she/it was giving, used to give dabamus dabatis dabant we were giving, we used to give you all were giving, you all used to give they were giving, they used to give The Abduction of Proserpina: III Perspectives • CONTEXT: – Who are the main characters in this passage? What is the conflict? • Pre-reading: – Why is this titled ‘III Perspectives’? Whose perspectives are being given? – Given the quotations, what person and number verbs do you expect to see appear a lot? 11/1/13 Propositum: DWBAT identify and practice skills and content that will appear on the Term 1 IA Exam Facite Nunc: 1. Take a TERM 1 INTERIM ASSESSMENT Practice Test: Multiple Choice and Reading Comprehension 2. Take out your ‘Term 1 IA Practice TEXT: The Abduction of Proserpina’ for inspection 1. You will receive an answer key for the translation PENSUM #34: Complete your ‘Term 1 IA Practice The Abduction of Proserpina: III Perspectives Annotation Key 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Plūto: ‘puellam vidēbam et nunc eam cupiēbam.’ Prōserpina: ‘flosculōs carpēbam. ubi deum et rōtās vidēbam, timēbam.’ Cerēs: ‘fīliam meam nōn spectābam. in Olympō eram. in agrō cum amīcīs Prōserpina erat.’ Plūto: ‘Prōserpinam in Orcum capiēbam et eam in matrimōnium dūcēbam. in rēgnō meō habitābāmus, dominus et rēgīna.’ Prōserpina: ‘matrem meam et caelum clārum cupiō.’ Cerēs: ‘dea magna sum et fīliam meam amittō. Iuppiter germānum capere fīliam meam sinit, itaque terram prodūcere frūmentum nōn sinō.’ The Abduction of Proserpina: III Perspectives Annotation Key 10. Iuppiter virōs iēiūnōs et fēminās et filiōs vidēbat, itaque consilium 11. novum capit. Prōserpinam reddere optābat, itaque ad Orcum Mercurium 12. mittit. interim sub terrā Prōserpina erat iēiūna et cibum cupiēbat. Plūto Prōserpinae 13. grānātum dat et dea pauca grāna consumit. ubi Mercurius ad Cerērem 14. Prōserpinam reddēbat, ob grāna dea in terrā manēre nōn poterat. 15. in annō, Prōserpina sub terrā cum Plūtone et sub caelō cum Cerēre habitat. TERM 1 INTERIM ASSESSMENT Practice Test: Multiple Choice and Reading Comprehension • Answer Section B: Multiple Choice (Questions 1-20) – All questions refer to the text – The sentence(s) each question refers to will be listed before the questions appear. Your answers should be based on the words in those sentences ONLY. • Answer Section C: Reading Comprehension (Questions 1-3) – Answer using evidence from the passage and cite line numbers • (Ex. Ceres does not allow the earth to produce grain because …. (lines __ to ___) Term 1 IA Practice Test: Multiple-Choice ANSWER KEY 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. D B A D C B A B D C 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. C B A B C B C A C D Translatiō Results: R1 Summa cum Laude (95+) • Daniel • Izabella • Mirielle Magna cum Laude (90+) • Janice • Loanni • Reema • Kiara • Paul P Translatiō Results: R6 Summa cum Laude (95+) • Netanya • Nayely • Emma • Wuraola • Charlene • Coco Magna cum Laude (90+) • Corey • Paul • Ralph Translatiō Results: R9 Summa cum Laude (95+) • Anik • Keri • Naveed Magna cum Laude (90+) • Robin • Sarah