Download Unit 8: Phylogeny - Wando High School

Unit 8: Phylogeny
Phylogeny is the ______________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________.
The modern classification system, based on Carolus Linneaus’ system of binomial nomenclature, has seven levels of
classification:
______________________________________________________________________________________________
Human Classification:
K: Animalia
P: Chordata
sP: Vertabrata
C: Mammalia
sC: Eutheria
O: Primates
F: Hominidae
Genus/species: Homo sapiens
Phylum Chordata
All animals in this phylum share 4 common traits:
1. Notochord ________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
2. Dorsal hollow nerve cord or spinal cord: ________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
3. __________________________________________________________________________________
4. __________________________________________________________________________________
Classes
There are ____________ classes of vertebrates: _______________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
The general brain development is more complex in this order ________________  __________________
The class with the ______________________________________ is the most primitive
Classes of Vertebrates
Fishes (___________________) appeared about 550 million years ago and fall into three classes:
Class Agnatha: Jawless Fish
All modern fishes evolved from ancient jawless fish. This class includes ___________________________
They have a ________________________________________________
They lack ______________ but have _______________________________________________________
Class Chondrichthyes: Cartilaginous Fishes
This class includes: ______________________________________________________________________
In cartilaginous fishes, the entire skull, vertebrae, and body is made of _____________________________
(_____________________________________________________________________________________)
Cartilage is lighter than_________________, so these predators can _______________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
Class Osteichthyes: Bony Fishes
2 Subclasses: _________________________________ and __________ __________________________
Lobe-finned fish had _________________________________________________ which allowed them to
______________________________________________________________________________________
Lobe-finned fish are the ancestors of ____________________________
The ____________________________________ is a present day lobe-finned fish. These fish date back
over ____________________________________. They were believed to be extinct until they were
rediscovered in 1938.
Ray-finned fish lost the fleshy fins but developed ____________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
They possess a _______________________________ which ____________________________________
Evolutionary adaptations of fish include: ___________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Class Amphibia (frogs, toads, salamanders)
There are 3,000 species. The amphibians evolved from __________________________________________
These animals can live ______________________________________________________ (amphi=both)
Amphibians developed ____________________________________________________________________
Walking required a great deal of oxygen and energy; therefore, early amphibians had __________________
_________________________ and a primitive ________________________________________________
to get more oxygen to the body. They exchanged oxygen and carbon dioxide through _________________.
Amphibians need water for three things: 1. ______________________ 2. ___________________________
3. ____________________________________
The groups are: ______________________, ______________________, and _______________________
Evolutionary adaptations: _______________________________________________________________
“Cloaca” is a multi-purpose opening in _______________________________________________________
Class Reptilia (crocodiles, turtles, lizards, snakes, tortoises)
There are 6500 species. Reptiles evolved characteristics that _____________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
They developed dry skin with _______________ that ___________________________________________
This eliminated __________________ as a major site of gas exchange. The respiratory and circulatory adaptations
(larger lungs, chambered heart) enabled the body to get more oxygen.
Reptiles developed these reproductive strategies: _______________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Their legs extended under the body for _______________________________________________________
The groups are: ______________________, ______________________, _____________________,
______________________ and _______________________
Evolutionary adaptations: ____________________________, ___________________________________
________________________________________and _______________________________________________
Class Aves (birds)
There are 8600 species. __________________________________________________________ seem to be the forerunners of
birds. Most of the avian adaptations prepared _______________________________________________________.
These adaptations include: ________________________________________________, hollow bones, and
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Because flying is strenuous, birds also developed these adaptations: They became homeothermic - ability to
maintain a ____________________________________________________________________________.
Connected lungs with a _____________________________________________ for efficient gas exchange.
A 4 chambered____________ that completely separates ________________________________
from _______________________________________.
And birds have hard-shelled ________________________ which free them from dependence on water for
reproduction.
Evolutionary adaptations: _______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
Class Mammalia
There are 5000 species. The first mammals evolved around 260 mya from ________________________
___________________________________.
The earliest mammals resembled ____________________. They were _____________and rather ________________
They survived the ________________________________ and radiated into over 5000 species during the
________________________________ also known as “The Age of Mammals”
3 subclasses: ____________________________, __________________________, ____________________
Monotremes also called _____________________________ are egg laying mammals. There are 3 species:
____________________________and 2 species of ______________________________.
Eggs hatch and young nurse by ____________________________________________________________
Marsupials also called ______________________________ are pouched mammals. They have a brief
gestation then give birth to ___________________________________________. The offspring complete
their development inside the _____________________________________________________________
Their range includes ___________________________________________________________________
True-placental mammals also called ______________________________ have a placenta that supports
the embryo before birth. The placenta is a specialized embryonic organ attached to the wall of the uterus
______________________________________________________________.
It allows nutrients to_______________________________________________ almost directly into the blood of the
young. About ____________________ of mammals are euthrian
All mammals _______________, ____________________________, _____________________________,
_____________________________________, _____________________________________________
They have highly developed ________________________________________________ and are capable of
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Learning from experience minimizes effort needed to survive. Brains of ____________________________
and ________________________________ are the most highly developed.
Evolutionary adaptations: ________________________________________________________________
VOCAB:
Oviparous _____________________________________________________________________________
Viviparous ____________________________________________________________________________
Ovoviviparous _________________________________________________________________________