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World War II 1941-1945 Chapter 11 The Allies Turn the Tide Chapter 11 Section 1 Britain's New Best Friend • December 22, 1941 Churchill meets with FDR at the White House • They agree that Hitler is their #1 priority, why? – Soviet Union needed help – Only after Germany was defeated could Britain and USSR help defeat Japan – FDR and Churchill also decided they would only accept an unconditional surrender from the Axis War in the Atlantic • U-Boats immediately attack US shipping off of the east coast – Seven months into 1942 U-Boats had sunk 681 Allied ships in the Atlantic – These losses could have made the Allies lose the war • Organized ships into convoys and sent Navy along for protection • Used sonar and radar to find and sink the U-Boats • Produced more ships – 1939-1940 US produced 102 ships – 1943 US produced 140 ships a month • This turns the tide in the Atlantic The Eastern Front • Brutal fighting between Germans and Russians – Millions of men involved • First great turning point of the war comes at Stalingrad • Stalingrad was on the Germans way to the Russian oil fields • Battle lasts over 6 months • House to house, hand-to-hand combat • Stalin refuses to let his soldiers retreat – It is Stalingrad after all!!! • Russians launch a huge counter attack – Hitler will not let his men retreat either • February 1943 91,000 Germans finally surrender – Started the battle with 330,000 • Russians lose 1,250,000 men • Russians are on the offensive from this point on in the war Operation Torch • The allied invasion of North Africa • Why were they fighting for Africa? • 107,000 Allied troops, mostly Americans invade • Tough desert fighting against the Afrika Corps led by Erwin Rommel, the Desert Fox • General George Patton and Montgomery led the Allies • May 1943 Allies conquer North Africa Invasion of Italy • Churchill wants to attack the “soft underbelly of the Axis” • Invade Sicily in summer of 1943 • Mussolini is stripped of power and arrested • Italy joins Allies in September 1943 • Hitler occupies Italy and places Mussolini back in power • Takes Allies 18 months of hard fighting to conquer Italy Bombing Germany • England and USA bombed Germany night and day – England did saturation bombing at night • Dropping tons of bombs to cause massive damage – USA did strategic bombing by day • Bombing specific military targets • Bombing crews suffered a 20% casualty rate • Tuskegee Airmen – African-American fighter pilots – Would escort bombers – Never lost a single bomber in over 1,500 missions Battle of Midway • Massive naval battle • Japan had 5 carriers to America’s 3 – Japan ~300 planes, America 180 • First 3 waves of American planes destroyed • 4th wave of dive bombers finds Japanese – In 5 minutes most of the fleet is destroyed – Japan lost 4 carriers, 3,500 men, and 300 planes • Turns the tide of the war in the Pacific in favor of America Battle of Guadalcanal • August 7, 1942 19,000 marines landed on Guadalcanal – Fierce land and naval fighting for the next 6 months – Fighting ends in February 1943 • 1,600 American deaths, 4,000 wounded • 15,000 Japanese deaths, 9,000 deaths from disease, 1,000 captured • First Island taken in the march to Japan The Home Front • Chapter 11 Section 2 Womanpower • ~15 million men joined the military • US needed people to fill these men’s jobs • 6,000,000 women entered the workforce – Rosie-the-Riveter – 2/3 returned to the home after the war – Laid ground work for the feminist movement of the 1960’s and 1970’s Wartime Migrations • WWII caused many people to move around the US • Again African-Americans left the South for Northern war jobs – A. Philip Randolph – African-American civil rights leader – Demanded the right for Blacks to work and fight for their country – Threatened to organize a massive protest in Washington DC – FDR issued Executive Order 8802 forbidding discrimination in defense industries – Why? – Afraid a protest will hurt the war effort by making Americans look disunited • African-Americans drafted into the military – Military still segregated – Fighting for a “Double V” • Victory over dictators and racism • Bracero Program, 1942 – US brought people from Mexico in to work in agriculture • Zoot Suit Riots – Mexicans discriminated against in the West • Dressed in Zoot Suits – 1943 American sailors on leave went around Los Angeles and started attacking Mexicans – Mexicans then arrested for starting fights Executive Order 9066 • Japanese Americans – 110,000 interned (placed in) in concentration camps – Afraid they were spies – Happened on West Coast – Most were born in US, known as Nisei – Korematsu v. US in 1944 • US Supreme Court upheld constitutionality of internment WWII Internment Camps 442nd Regimental Combat Team • Made up of all JapaneseAmericans (~3,800) • Fought in Italy, France, and Germany • Most decorated unit in American history – – – – 21 Medals of Honor 560 Silver Stars 4,000 Bronze Stars 9,486 Purple Hearts Costs of War • War cost $330 billion – Debt went from $49 billion to $259 billion • People bought war bonds to help pay for the war • War Production Board created – Oversaw the economy – Told factories what to build – Placed rations on certain items • Gas, rubber, meat… • People given “ration stamps” – Ceilings placed on prices and wages Office of War Information (OWI) • America’s propaganda office that worked closely with the media and entertainment industries – Tried to “sell” important ideas about the war to American people • • • • Victory Democracy Rationing War Bonds Victory in Europe and the Pacific •Chapter 11 Section 3 A Second Front • 1943 Stalin, FDR, and Churchill meet at the Tehran Conference –It was decided that England and USA would open a “second front” by invading France Operation Overlord • The Allied invasion of France D-DAY June 6, 1944 • 3 airborne divisions dropped behind enemy lines in the night – American 101st & 82nd – British 6th • 156,000 troops storm the beaches – Light resistance everywhere except Omaha beach Omaha Beach • 1st division and 29th division landed in waves • ~3,000 casualties on Omaha beach • Pointe-Du-Hoc – German artillery on top of vertical cliffs overlooking Omaha beach – US 2nd Rangers’ job to take them out – Climbed vertical cliffs while being attacked to take the guns out Allies Advance • Despite Omaha Allies hold beachheads • Within a month 1 million Allied troops had landed in France • Patton led US troops across France Paris • August 25, 1944 Paris was liberated • Later that year FDR wins 4th term Battle of the Bulge • Hitler’s last offensive • December 16, 1944 – 29 German divisions (~500,000 men) broke through American lines • First week of battle goes bad for the Allies – Fog kept air force out of the battle – Many new recruits manning the front line – Many Americans surrender • German offensive literally runs out of gas • After a month Germans are pushed back – Loose 120,000 troops, 600 tanks, 1,600 planes • Germany on defensive for rest of war End Game for Hitler • American decide to let Russians capture Berlin – Why? • Fierce street fighting throughout Berlin – Russians lose 305,000 – Germans lose 325,000 • April 30, 1945 Hitler shot himself blaming the Jews for starting the war V-E Day • May 8, 1945 America accepts Germany’s unconditional surrender • The war in Europe was over Advancing in the Pacific • America went on the offensive after Midway • Island hopping – Taking over strategically less protected islands Navajo Code Talkers • Marines recruited over 200 Navajos and used their language as a code – Made up words for military terms – "besh- lo" (iron fish) (Submarine) – "dah-he- tih-hi" (hummingbird) (fighter plane) • Code declassified in 1968 – Code talkers honored in 1969 Leyte Gulf • Battle to retake Philippines – 178,000 Allied troops – 738 ships • Japanese start using kamikazes (suicide bombers) – 16 ships sunk, 80 damaged • Huge victory for Allies – Japan lost 3 battleships, 4 aircraft carriers, and 400 planes Iwo Jima • US needed Iwo Jima as a base for bombing Japan • 20,000 Japanese defending, only 200 survive • 6,000 Marines die, most in any pacific battle to that point • 27 Medals of Honor handed out Okinawa • • • • FDR died of a stroke in April 1945 Harry Truman takes over as President of the USA Okinawa last stop before invading Japan Okinawa lasts from March until June 1945 • 1,900 kamikazes attack US ships, sinking 30 and killing 5,000 sailors • Fierce fighting onshore – 7,600 Americans killed – 110,000 Japanese killed • Could this be an indication of the fighting to come on mainland Japan? The Manhattan Project • The project was the construction of an atomic bomb – Led by Robert J. Oppenheimer at Los Alamos, New Mexico • July 16, 1945 the first atomic bomb was detonated in Alamogordo, New Mexico – – – – Force of 21,000 tons of TNT Heard 100 miles away Flash was visible 250 miles away Only took 2 yrs, 3 months, and 16 days to create the Atomic Bomb Hiroshima • August 6, 1945 – Enola Gay, a B29 bomber, dropped “little boy” over the Japanese city Hiroshima – Less than a minute later Hiroshima no longer existed – 80,000 people died instantly – The temperature was 7,000 degrees – Thousands more died over the years from radiation exposure Nagasaki • Japan still would not surrender • Three days after Hiroshima another atomic bomb (Fat Man) was dropped on Nagasaki • Half the city destroyed and ~60,000 killed Victory (VJ Day) • September 2, 1945 Japan officially surrenders on the deck of the battleship Missouri in Tokyo Bay