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Download The Beginnings of Islam - LAS World and US History Mr. Chris Stewart
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Life on the Arabian Peninsula Chapter 3, Lesson 1 Homework Review Questions Identify & Example: 1) sedentary 2) caravan 3) local 4) regional 5) Ka’aba 6) Allah 7) Main Idea: ① Describe the geography of the Arabian peninsula? What type of people lived there? ② Why was the Arabian peninsula good for trade? Summarize: ① The importance of Mecca to Arabs. Critical Thinking: ① Why does trade lead to cultural exchange? Words to Know Arid (n.) Def: receiving little or no rainfall; dry Ex: Don’t throw spices into your eyes. Def: for a long time; continuously Ex: He is permanently working on HW. Ex: I have never lived in arid climate. Spice (n.) Permanently Def: plant substance, such as cinnamon or pepper, that is used to flavor food. Flock (n.) Ex: 7th Grade A Day History is a flock of students who proudly disrespect their education. Def: travel in large groups A Desert Culture Arabian peninsula: region of Southwest Asia (map pg. 87) Covers nearly 250,000 square miles; “the empty quarter” ¼ size of United States Location: between Red Sea & Persian Gulf Very arid: receives little rain, covered in deserts Effect: only small amount of land is useful for agriculture Farmland: southern mountains, northern coastline Nomads Bedouins: Arab herders nomadic (always moving) Oasis: desert area that contains water People who lived at oasis live sedentary life Trade: Looking for 1) water and 2) grazing lands for their herds Bedouins trade animal products to settled people Oasis people trade food they grow to Bedouins Family Life Clans: families of people related by blood or marriage Clans organize their own government Clans provide security and support Bedouins proud of their fighting skills (had to protect themselves from other clans) would become army of Muslim Empire Growth of Trade Cities Arabian peninsula = good for trade 600s: Arabs populating market town or oases Crossroads of 3 continents: Asia, Africa & Europe Also surrounded by water: Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea, Arabian Sea, and the Persian Gulf Market towns grow into cities become center of trade Large settlements (Aden, Mecca, Medina, Petra) on western coast = centers of local, regional and long-distance trade Trade items Spices from India Ivory from Africa Trade Routes & Goods Trade routes ran from southern tip of Arabian peninsula to Byzantine and Persian empires to the north Camel caravans: a company of travelers journeying together Trade items: animals, textiles, metals, crops, spices (pepper, saffron) Trade = cultural exchange Merchants carried information as well as products Ex: gain knowledge of different religions in places you visit Holy City of Mecca Mecca = important religious center & trading center Caravans stop in Mecca during holy months Ancient shrine: Ka’aba (cube-shaped stone building) located in middle of the city Ka’aba associated with Abraham (important figure in Jewish, Christian & Islamic mythology) Muslims: believe Arabs are descendants of Abraham & believe Abraham and his son built Ka’aba as a temple to God (Allah in Arabic) Belief in one god: monotheism Pilgrimage: journey to a sacred place All Muslims must travel to Mecca once in their lives Islam and Muhammad Chapter 3, Lesson 2 Homework Review Questions Identify & example: 1) Allah 2) Arabic 3) Hijrah 4) prophet 5) unify 6) inheritance 7)forbidden 8) tolerate 9) persecute Main Idea: ① What did Muhammad preach? How is Islam different from many ancient religions? ② Compare and contrast the two primary sources of authority for Islam. Summarize: ① 3 parts of Muhammad’s leadership. ② 5 pillars of Islam. Critical Thinking: ① What are some of the similarities and differences between Islam and Judo-Christian belief structures? Words to Know Angel (n.) Def: a spiritual being that serves God or acts as God’s messenger Ex: Do you believe in angels? Guidance (n.) Ex: Mr. Igor will give you guidance on how to become a better student, if you ask. Will (n.) Def: wish, desire, or intention Ex: It is Mr. Igor’s will that you all become good students. Def: help or advice Judgment day (n.) Ex: The day you don’t do your HW will be your judgment day. Def: day at the end of the world when God judges each person’s life Life & Teachings Muhammad Born to powerful Meccan family (A.D 570) Orphaned as child, worked in caravan At 25, married wealthy businessman became merchant 40 years old: voice says “you are the messenger of god” Muhammad believes god spoke to him Preached: only one God named Allah, all other gods must be rejected Islamic followers = Muslims Islam: (in Arabic) “peace through submission to the will of god Early failure Meccans persecuted early Muslims (new = fear) 622: Hijrah (migration) to Yathrib (later Medina: “city of the Prophet”) Followers liked Muhammad's simple message and strong leadership Muhammad’s Leadership 630: Muhammad and 10,000 Muslims return to Mecca force city to surrender Muhammad forgave Meccans, dedicated Ka’aba to Allah Muhammad’s Leadership: 1) 2) 3) Religious leader: ruled Medina, united followers with other Arabs, Jews & Christians Political leader: made treaties with nomadic tribes Military leader: defended Medina against attacks By 632: Muhammad had unified much of Arabian peninsula under Islam Islamic Belief, Practices & Law The Qur’an The Sunnah Main teaching: there is only one god, Allah Muhammad’s 2nd goal: apply teaching to everyday life Allah spoke to angel Gabriel, who spoke to Muhammad The Sunnah: Muhammad’s words and deed = guides for proper living Qur’an: Muhammad’s teachings memorized by followers, written in Arabic Later: Islamic legal thinker organized Qur’an & Sunnah into system of law Rules of inheritance and punishment for criminals Muslim Daily Life Muslims: connect personal and religious lives Five Pillars of Islam: duties all Muslims must perform to demonstrate their submission to the will of Allah 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Faith: believe in Allah Prayer: 5 times a day, facing Mecca Alms: give to the poor and need Fasting: during month of Ramadan; avoid all food from sunrise to sunset Pilgrimage: to Mecca, once in lifetime (if possible) Other customs and laws Forbidden to east pork (pig) or drink alcohol Friday afternoons = community worship and prayer in Mosque (Islamic Church) People of the Book Similarities to Christianity & Judaism Trace beginnings of religion to prophet Abraham Allah = Christian & Jewish god DIFFERENCE!!!! Jesus = prophet NOT “son of god” Islamic Qur’an similar teaching to Christian Bible and Jewish Torah BUT Qur’an is FINAL book Muhammad is LAST prophet Religious toleration: required by Muslim law Special consideration for Jews and Christians Islam After Muhammad’s Death Chapter 3, Lesson 3 Homework Review Questions Identify & example: 1) successor 2) devoted 3) reign 4) caliphate 5) treaty 6) exhaust 7) convert 8) salvation 9) rebels 10) assassinate 11) luxury Main Idea: ① What were the accomplishments of the “rightly guided” caliphs? ② Why did people convert to Islam? ③ Compare and contrast the beliefs of Sunnis and Shiites. Summarize: ① 3 reasons the Muslim Empire expanded successfully. ② A Split in Islam. Critical Thinking: ① What are the dangers of a leader not naming a successor before his death? Words to Know Panic (n.) Def: a sudden feeling of great fear Disciplined (adj.) Ex: He felt a great panic when he realized he forgot Mr. Igor’s HW Murder (n.) Ex: He murdered his grades by not doing his HW regularly and properly Def: the unlawful killing of one person by another Ex: To be a good student you have to be disciplined Def: in strict self-control and well-trained New Muslim Leaders Emerge For 20 years 632 AD: Muhammad dies = no Muslim leader Muhammad did not name successor = PANIC !!! Abu Bakr: Muhammad’s father-in-law & trusted friend; respected for his devotion to Muhammad and Islam Abu Bakr elected as successor or “caliph” by Muslim community Effects post-Muhammad 1) 2) 3) Allah spread Islam across Arabian peninsula = Muslim Empire Muhammad’s message: order, justice, hope of heaven Some clans abandon Islam Some refuse to pay taxes Some declare themselves prophets Abu Bakr restores order in (two-year reign) Used military force to reunite Muslim community Restored central Arabia to Muslim control; started conquest of Northern lands (modern-day Syria & Iraq) “Rightly Guided” Caliphs Used Qur’an & Muhammad’s actions to guide them 2nd elected caliph: Umar (634-644) Umar, Uthman & Ali Their reign known as caliphate Swift, disciplined armies conquered Syria & lower Egypt, also some of Persia 3rd and 4th caliphs: Uthman & Ali Conquer Persia 661: Muslim Empire expanded nearly x4 Conquest & treaty Reason for Success 1 Energized by faith a) b) c) 2 Weakness of Northern empires a) 3 Military victory = Allah’s support Muslim armies disciplined in battle Leaders highly skilled Byzantine and Persian empires fighting each other = exhausted armies Tolerance a) b) Byzantine, Persians persecuted people of other religions Muslims practiced religious toleration Qur’an forbids forced conversion Muslims Rule Cultural blending Many conquered peoples converted to Islam Attracted by Islamic message of equality and salvation Economic benefit: Muslims did not have to pay taxes “People of the book” Jews & Christians receive special treatment Pay poll tax = no military duties Important positions: officials, scholars A Split in Islam Group of rebels: Opposed Uthman, murdered him (656) Starts civil war: various groups struggle for power Ali assassinated 661 = end of electing caliph Umayyads seize power Set up hereditary dynasty: rulers come from one family, inherit rule Move capital: Medina Damascus Muslims upset Damascus too far away Umayyads abandon “simple life” live in luxury Effect: Muslims divided Confusion about how to choose leaders Muslim Community Splits Sunni Imam = elected caliphs Called: Sunnis Sunnah: Muhammad’s example Imam: ruler Shi’a Imam = Muhammad’s relatives ONLY Called: Shiites