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55. Machiavelli: • Florentine statesman who wrote The Prince which advises rulers to be good when possible, but be evil when necessary. • The end justifies the means. 56. Leonardo da Vinci: • Italian Renaissance artist who painted the Mona Lisa and the Last Supper. • His use of shading created mood and depth in his paintings. 57. Michelangelo: • Italian Renaissance artist who sculpted the David and painted the Sistine Ceiling. • He painted ideal forms of religious subjects based on classical Greek and Roman art. 58. Petrarch: • Italian Renaissance humanist. • He wrote classical Latin and in the vernacular. • His writings celebrated human accomplishments and potential. 59. Erasmus: • Northern renaissance Christian humanist. • He promoted reform of the Catholic Church. • He wrote The Praise of Folly. 60. Sir Thomas Moore • Northern Renaissance Christian humanist. • He wrote Utopia which describes a perfect society where there is no war, money, greed, or crime. 61. Johannes Gutenberg: • Invented the printing press in 1440. • The first printing of the Bible was in 1445. • Ideas of the Renaissance spread quickly due to the availability of books. SOL Review Places (starting with #15) 1. Stonehenge • Neolithic Structure in Western England built as a calendar or religious site 2. Ancient Egypt • Nile River Valley civilization that created the calendar, pyramid and hieroglyphics 3. Mesopotamia • Land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. • Sumerian civilization created the wheel, plow, sail, ziggurats and cuneiform 15. Athens • Greek city-state on Attica which reached its Golden Age in the 440s BC under Pericles. • It created the first direct democracy and introduced philosophy and classical theatre to the world. 16. Peloponnesus • Greek peninsula controlled by Sparta 17. Dardanelles: • Strait that led from the Aegean Sea into the Sea of Marmarma and into the Black Sea. • Control over this strait may have caused the Trojan War. 18. Troy: • City-state on the coast of Anatolia near the Dardanelles. 19. Macedonia: • Located just north of Greece. • Macedonia conquered Greece in the late 300s BC. 20. Marathon and Salamis: • Battles during the Persian Wars of the late 400s BC in which the Greeks were victorious. 21. Parthenon: • Temple to the goddess Athena located on the acropolis in Athens. 22. Rome: • Capital of the Roman Empire and of the Papal States. • The sack of Rome in 476 AD marks the beginning of the Middle Ages. 23. Italian Peninsula • Boot-shaped peninsula that extends into the Mediterranean. • Home of the Roman Republic, Roman Empire, and of the Renaissance. 24. Alps • Mountain range that separates and protected the Italian peninsula from northern Europe. 25. Carthage • Phoenician city-state on the North African coast that rivaled Rome for control of the Mediterranean. • Lost the Punic Wars to Rome in the 2nd and 3rd centuries BC. 26. Gaul: • France. • Conquered by Julius Caesar by 50BC in the Gallic Wars. 27. Byzantium: • City on the Black Sea that was a cross-roads of trade between Western Europe and Asia. 28. Constantinople: • Byzantium was renamed for the Emperor Constantine who moved the capital of the Roman Empire to this city on the Black Sea. 29. Hagia Sophia: • East Orthodox church in Constantinople that had a dome supported on a rectangular base. 30. Mecca & Medina • Holy cities for Muslims. • Located on the west coast of the Arabian Peninsula. 31. Dome of the Rock: • Muslim mosque in Jerusalem. 32. Monasteries and Convents: • Retreats for monks and nuns which became centers of education and welfare during the Middle Ages. 33. Manor & Castle: • Estate and fortified home of the medieval lords and vassals. • Manors were selfsufficient estates. 34. Scandinavia • Northern Europe • In the Middle Ages Vikings came from Scandinavia and went into Russia. 35. Kievan Russia • On Dnieper River north of the Black Sea • Early Slavs and Vikings settled there • After they left it became home to Christians linked to the Byzantine Empire 36. Trans-Saharan • Trade routes across north Africa where mostly gold and salt were traded 37. Ethiopian Highlands • Sub-Saharan Africa near the Nile River where Christian Axum was located. 38. Zambezi & Limpopo Rivers • In sub-Saharan Africa near the Indian Ocean coast where the “Great Zimbabwe” empire developed. 39. Niger River & Sahara • West Africa where Ghana, Mali, & Songhai empires developed and the city of Timbuktu. • Religion: Animism and Islam 40. Timbuktu • West Africa center of trade and learning • Near Niger River and Sahara 41. Chichen Itza • Located in Mexican & Central American rainforest • Home to the Mayan civilization 42. Tenochtitlan • Arid valley in Central Mexico • Home to the Aztecs 43. Machu Pichu & Cusco • Andes Mts. of South America • Home to the Incas 44. Paris • France • Hugh Capet established his throne there. 45. Moscow • Western Russia • Ivan the Great threw off the Mongols & centralized power in Moscow 46. London • England (Anglo-Saxons) • Many died by the Plague which they tried to contain by burning the city • This caused the London fires for 4 days and 4/5 of the city was destroyed 47. Aix-la-Chapelle: • In Germany near the Rhine River • Palace of Charlemagne • Center of his Frankish Empire 48-50. Florence, Venice, Genoa • Northern Italy • Renaissance city-states governed as republics • Had access to trade routes connecting Europe w/ Middle East markets • Trade Centers 51. Milan • Northern Italy on Lombardy plains • Renaissance city-states governed as republics • Main city of northern Italy • Trade Center 52. Islands of Japan: • Close to China & Korea • Archipelago (four main islands) • The Sea of Japan or East Sea is between Japan and Asia mainland • Shinto & Buddhism religions coexist there SOL Review Religion Hinduism • Founder: mix of Aryan and non-Aryan beliefs and gods • Beliefs: Caste system, many forms of one major deity, Reincarnation, Karma • Holy Text: Vedas, Upanishads • Location: India • Dates: 750 & 550 BC Buddhism • Founder: Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha) • Beliefs: Four Noble Truths, Eightfold Path to Enlightenment- Nirvana • Holy Text: (Four Noble Truths) • Location: India (Nepal) & spread to China, Japan, and throughout Asia • Dates: 563 BC Judaism • • • • • Founder: Abraham Beliefs: one God (monotheism) Yahweh Holy Text: Torah, Ten Commandments (Moses) Location: Jerusalem Dates: 2000 BC Christianity • Founder: Jesus • Beliefs: Jesus was the Messiah who was both son of God and incarnation of God, life after death, monotheism • Holy Text: New Testament, Bible • Location: Judea and spread to Rome by apostle Paul • Dates: around 29 AD Islam • Founder: Muhammad • Beliefs: Muhammad was the last Prophet, monotheism (Allah), 5 pillars of Islam, acceptance of Judeo-Christian prophets (Moses & Jesus) • Holy Text: Quran (Koran) • Location: across Asia & Africa, & into Spain • Dates: 7th century AD Confucianism • Founder: Confucius • Beliefs: humans are good not bad, respect for elders, code of politeness still used in China today, emphasis on education, ancestor worship, yin/yang, bureaucracy • Holy Text: Analects (his ideas recorded by his students) • Location: China • Dates: 551 BC Daoism (Taoism) • Founder: Laozi • Beliefs: Humility, simple life and inner peace, harmony with nature, yin/yang • Holy Text: Tao Te Ching “the way” • Location: China • Dates: 6th century BC Shinto • Founder: ? • Beliefs: kami: natural features, forces of nature, and ancestors, state religion; worshipping the emperor, coexist with Buddhism • Holy Text: (kami) • Location: unique to Japan • Dates: Middle Ages (declined after WWII)