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Chapter 15
True/False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false.
____
1. A vestigial structure in one organism can be defined as a reduced form of a functional structure.
____
2. Natural selection is based on the concepts of excess reproduction, variation, inheritance, and the advantages
of certain traits.
____
3. Darwin developed his theory of evolution after returning home from his work on the Galapagos Islands.
____
4. Fossils, although interesting, do not actually provide evidence of evolution.
____
5. Homologous structures indicate a shared ancestry, while vestigial structures do not.
____
6. Animals with different mating behaviors are postzygotically isolated.
____
7. Australian animals are examples of geographic isolation.
____
8. The theory of natural selection says that change will not occur in a population unless the population is
isolated.
____
9. Any change in the allelic frequencies in a population that is due to chance is called founder effect.
____ 10. A population of ants declines to a very low number. When the ants’ habitat is turned into a picnic area for
humans, the additional food causes the much smaller population of ants to rebound. This is an example of
natural selection.
____ 11. A mutation is a random change in genetic material and is the source of variation needed for change.
____ 12. Humans born with either below-normal or above-normal birth weights have a lower chance of survival than
those born with average birth weights. Consequently, birth weights vary little in human populations. This
form of natural selection is called directional selection.
____ 13. Embryos of different organisms exhibit homologous structures during certain phases of development that
become totally different structures in adult forms. This indicates that organisms evolved from different
ancestors.
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____ 14. Within a decade of the introduction of a new insecticide, nearly all of the descendants of the target insects are
resistant to the usual-sized dose. What is the most likely explanation for this change in susceptibility to the
insecticide?
a. Eating the insecticide caused the insects to become more resistant to it.
b. Eating the insecticide caused the insects to become less resistant to it.
c. The pesticide destroyed organisms that cause disease in the insects, thus allowing them to
live longer.
d. The insects developed physiological adaptations to the insecticide.
____ 15. Which answer best shows an animal's adaptation to the tropical rain forest?
a. camouflage in a tree frog
c. an elephant's long trunk
b. the long neck of a giraffe
d. migration of birds in winter
____ 16. Which combination of characteristics in a population would provide the greatest potential for evolutionary
change?
a. small population, few mutations
c. large population, few mutations
b. small population, many mutations
d. large population, many mutations
____ 17. When investigating shell color of a species of snail found only in a remote area seldom visited by humans,
scientists discovered the distribution of individuals that is shown in the graph in Figure 15-1. Based on the
information shown in the graph, what form of selection is the snail population undergoing?
Figure 15-1
a. stabilizing selection
b. disruptive selection
c. artificial selection
d. directional selection
____ 18. What type of adaptation is shown in Figure 15-2? (Walking Stick insect shown on branch)
Figure 15-2
a. mimicry
b. camouflage
c. artificial selection
d. homologous structure
Figure 15-4
____ 19. Which type of natural selection showed in Figure 15-4 favors average individuals?
a. A
c. C
b. B
d. D
____ 20. Which type of natural selection shown in Figure 15-4 would favor giraffes that need to reach the tallest
branches to eat?
a. A
c. C
b. B
d. D
____ 21. How do fossils demonstrate evidence of evolution?
a. They show that ancient species share similarities with species now on Earth.
b. They show evidence of species that are now extinct.
c. They are the primary source of evidence of natural selection.
d. Fossils reveal that many species have remained unchanged for millions of years.
____ 22. Which of the following is an accurate comparison of derived traits and ancestral traits?
a. Derived traits result from artificial selection; ancestral traits result from natural selection.
b. Derived traits appear in species; ancestral traits appear in genera or higher taxa.
c. Derived traits are primitive; ancestral traits are contemporary.
d. Derived traits are recent features; ancestral traits are more primitive features.
____ 23. Which of the following is the explanation of why bird wings and reptile forelegs are evidence of evolution?
a. Similar functions point to a common ancestor.
b. Analogous structures indicate a common ancestor.
c. Vestigial structures point to a common ancestor.
d. Homologous structures indicate a common ancestor.
____ 24. Superficially similar features molded by natural selection in very different species are classified as what kind
of structures?
a. vestigial
c. analogous
b. homologous
d. comparative
____ 25. A population diverges and becomes reproductively isolated. Which of the following is the best description of
that phenomenon?
a. speciation
c. postzygotic isolation
b. bottleneck
d. sexual selection
____ 26. If a small population from one species is suddenly introduced into a new habitat, what might occur?
a. habitat speciation
c. founder effect
b. coevolution
d. stabilizing selection
____ 27. Which of the following is biochemical evidence for evolution?
a. Embryonic human hemoglobin is different from adult human hemoglobin.
b. Hemoglobin in humans can vary between different individuals.
c. Human hemoglobin is more similar to chimp hemoglobin than mouse hemoglobin.
d. Human hemoglobin is different than mouse hemoglobin.
Completion
Complete each statement.
28. Natural selection is the only mechanism of evolution that will lead to (adaptation or genetic drift).
29. Anatomically similar structures inherited from a common ancestor are called ____________________
structures.
30. The hip sockets in the pelvis of a whale is an example of a ____________________ structure.
Problem - SELECT ONE TO WRITE A DETAILED WRITTEN RESPONSE TO.
31. An agricultural researcher has carried out a selection regime on corn plants in an attempt to increase the
number of kernels per cob. The researcher is applying directional selection by choosing only the plants with
the top 5% number of kernels per cob to be planted for the next generation. After 20 generations, the rate of
increase in number of kernels per cob has declined greatly suggesting that selection is no longer working.
Given what you know about the requirements for natural selection (artificial selection in this case), what do
you suggest the researcher could do to continue increasing the numbers of kernels per cob?
32. A researcher is examining a population of butterflies in which there are two color types. One type of butterfly
in this species has dark-colored wings, a second type has patterned wings with black and yellow colors. The
two types are determined by two alleles at a single gene. The researcher finds that over several years, twice
the number of pattern-winged butterflies are eaten by bird predators. The researcher identifies this as a form
of natural selection against the pattern-winged allele. However, the researcher has also found that the
frequency of the two types in the population is not changing over time. Given what you know about the
factors that can cause evolution in a population, what should the researcher look into to explain the lack of
change despite the strong natural selection? Evaluate the possibility that each of these is operating.
Chapter 15
Answer Section
TRUE/FALSE
1. ANS: T
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Taxonomy B
REF: 425
NAT: LS_3c
TOP: 15-5
2. ANS: T
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Taxonomy C
REF: 420
NAT: LS_3a
STA: III.4.2
TOP: 15-2
3. ANS: T
To develop his understanding of evolution, Darwin used his studies on H.M.S. Beagle and the work that he
did later after his return to England.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Taxonomy B
STA: II.1.4
TOP: 15-1
4. ANS: F
Fossils provide strong evidence of evolution.
REF: 420–422
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Taxonomy B
REF: 423
NAT: LS_3c
STA: III.4.1
TOP: 15-4
5. ANS: F
Vestigial structures are homologous structures and both indicate a shared ancestry.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Taxonomy C
NAT: LS_3c
STA: III.4.1
TOP: 15-5
6. ANS: F
Prezygotic isolation
PTS:
STA:
7. ANS:
REF:
1
III.5.1
T
431–432
DIF:
TOP:
PTS:
STA:
REF: 424–425
Bloom's Taxonomy B
REF: 427
15-7
1
DIF: Bloom's Taxonomy C
II.1.3
TOP: 15-7
MODIFIED TRUE/FALSE
8. ANS: T
REF: 431–432
STA: II.1.3
9. ANS: F, genetic drift
PTS: 1
TOP: 15-7
DIF:
Bloom's Taxonomy C
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Taxonomy C
STA: III.4.2
TOP: 15-7
10. ANS: F, a bottleneck
REF: 433
PTS:
STA:
11. ANS:
REF:
REF: 433
1
III.4.2
T
434
DIF: Bloom's Taxonomy D
TOP: 15-7
PTS: 1
NAT: LS_2c
STA: III.3.3
DIF: Bloom's Taxonomy B
TOP: 15-7
12. ANS: F, stabilizing selection
PTS: 1
NAT: LS_3a
13. ANS: F, common
DIF: Bloom's Taxonomy E
STA: III.4.2
TOP: 15-8
REF: 434
PTS: 1
NAT: LS_3d
DIF: Bloom's Taxonomy C
STA: III.1.1
TOP: 15-5
REF: 426
MULTIPLE CHOICE
14. ANS: D
Over time, organisms often adapt to changes in the environment. In this case, the insects adapted to the
insecticide and lost their initial susceptibility.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
You are thinking on the right track. Try to be a little more specific in your response.
Would eating the insecticide be the actual cause?
Did you consider all the variables?
Good job! You are correct!
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level C
REF: 428–430
NAT: LS_3a
STA: III.4.2
TOP: 15-3
15. ANS: A
Some species have evolved morphological adaptations that allow them to blend in with their environments
and therefore survive.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Correct!
Do giraffes live in tropical rainforests? Read the question again carefully.
Read the information in the question carefully. D/No, try again!
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level C
REF: 428
STA: III.5.1
TOP: 15-5
16. ANS: B
Darwin’s theory of how traits change in a population over time includes the idea that variations can be
inherited. Mutations in a small population would be inherited and passed to the next generation. The smaller
the population and the more mutations, the more changes would happen in the population.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Almost. Keep trying.
Good job! You are correct!
Think again. Would that cause the most changes?
Try again. Read page 420 of your text.
PTS: 1
NAT: LS_3a
17. ANS: D
DIF: Bloom's Level C
STA: III.4.2
TOP: 15-7
REF: 420
If an extreme version of a trait makes an organism more fit, directional selection may occur. This form of
selection increases the extreme versions of a trait in a population.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Try again. Read page 435 in your text again.
Good try. Read page 435 in your text again.
Keep trying. Read page 435 to help with this concept.
Correct!
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level C
REF: 435
NAT: LS_3a
STA: III.4.2
TOP: 15-7
18. ANS: B
Camouflage is an adaptation that allows species to blend in with the environment and therefore survive.
Camouflage is an adaptation that allows species to reproduce.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Mimicry is an adaptation, but not the one shown in Figure 15-2. Read page 428 again.
Correct!
No. Artificial selection isn't an adaptation. Read page 428 again
Keep trying. Read page 428 again.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level A
REF: 428
STA: III.5.1
TOP: 15-5
19. ANS: A
Selected distribution would favor average individuals because they would not have extreme traits.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Good job!
Keep trying.
Check out page 434 to understand this graph.
Almost. Read page 434 for help.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level D
REF: 434
NAT: LS_3a
STA: III.4.2
TOP: 15-7
20. ANS: C
Natural selection acts to select the individuals that are best adapted for survival and reproduction. That
concept is reflected in C.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Not quite. Try again.
No. Examine the graphs again and compare them to the information on page 434.
Correct!
Sorry. Read about the Hardy-Weinberg principle on page 434.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level D
REF: 434 | 436
NAT: LS_3a
STA: III.4.2
TOP: 15-7
21. ANS: A
Fossils are the main evidence of evolution because they show ancestors of modern species.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Good job! You got it.
Good try. Read page 423 in your text again.
Keep trying. Read page 423 in your text again.
Sorry. Fossils reveal much more than that. Read page 423 in your text again.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Taxonomy C
REF: 423
NAT: LS_3c
STA: III.4.1
TOP: 15-4
22. ANS: D
Derived traits are recent features, such as feathers in vertebrates; ancestral traits are more primitive features,
such as teeth in vertebrates.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
No. This isn't about natural selection or genetics. Read page 424 in your text again.
No. Read page 424 in your text again.
You are on the right track! Read page 424 in your text again.
Correct!
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Taxonomy D
REF: 424
NAT: LS_3d
TOP: 15-5
23. ANS: D
Evolution predicts that an organism’s body parts are more likely to be modifications of ancestral body parts
than new features.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Try again. Read page 424 in your text again.
You're on the right track. Read page 424 in your text again.
Keep trying. Read page 424 in your text again.
Correct! Nice work.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Taxonomy D
REF: 424
NAT: LS_3d
STA: III.4.2
TOP: 15-5
24. ANS: C
Analogous structures are evidence of convergent evolution through natural selection.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Try again. Read page 426 in your text again.
This describes structures that are more than superficially similar.
Correct!
No. Read page 426 in your text again.
PTS: 1
NAT: LS_3d
25. ANS: A
DIF: Bloom's Taxonomy C
STA: III.5.1
TOP: 15-5
Feedback
A
B
C
Correct!
Good try. Read page 438 in your text again.
Try again. Read page 438 in your text again.
REF: 426
D
Incorrect. Keep trying. Read page 438 in your text again.
PTS: 1
STA: III.4.2
26. ANS: C
DIF: Bloom's Taxonomy C
TOP: 15-8
REF: 438
Feedback
A
B
C
D
Keep trying! Read page 439 in your text again.
Try again. Read page 439 in your text again
Correct!
Good try. Read page 439 in your text again
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Taxonomy D
REF: 439
NAT: LS_3b
STA: III.4.2
TOP: 15-7
27. ANS: C
The structure of biochemical traits, such as protein structure, reflects the degree of relationship of different
species in the same way that anatomical traits do.
Feedback
A
B
C
D
This is just an example of development.
This is variation, there can be variation without evolution.
That's right!
Have a look at page 427 again.
PTS: 1
NAT: LS_3c
DIF: Bloom's Taxonomy F
STA: III.4.1
TOP: 15-6
REF: 427
PTS: 1
NAT: LS_3a
29. ANS: homologous
DIF: Bloom's Taxonomy C
STA: III.4.2
TOP: 15-2
REF: 421–422
PTS: 1
NAT: LS_3d
30. ANS: vestigial
DIF: Bloom's Taxonomy C
STA: III.4.1
TOP: 15-5
REF: 424
DIF: Bloom's Taxonomy D
REF: 425
COMPLETION
28. ANS: adaptation
PTS: 1
TOP: 15-5
PROBLEM
31. ANS:
The researcher has probably exhausted all of the genetic variation for the trait. Heritable variation in a trait is
one of the requirements for natural selection to work. To continue the experiment, the researcher could
introduce new variation by introducing unrelated plants or by causing mutations in the corn plants.
PTS: 1
DIF: Bloom's Level F
REF: 420 | 435
NAT: LS_3a | IS_1a
STA: II.1.3
TOP: 15-2
32. ANS:
The factors that can cause evolution are natural selection, genetic drift, nonrandom mating, gene flow, and
mutation. The researcher should look at each of the possibilities to determine whether it is working against
natural selection. Natural selection might be the process working against selection through predation. There
may be some other advantage to having the patterned wings. Mutation is probably occurring, but the rate is
low and probably couldn’t stop the selection. Gene flow might be occurring from another population. Genetic
drift might be occurring, although it should not always occur in the direction opposite to natural selection.
Nonrandom mating might be the cause if pattern-winged butterflies mate more often and produce more
offspring than dark-winged butterflies.
PTS: 1
NAT: IS_1a
DIF: Bloom's Level F
STA: III.4.2
TOP: 15-3
REF: 431–436