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Ancient Greece Review Geography of Greece The Geography and History of Greece Crete • The largest and most populous Greek island – Located in the Aegean Sea • About 160 miles long and 40 miles wide • A very important trading center Crete! Aegean Sea • Located between Greece and the Anatolian Peninsula • Over 1,000 islands – Archipelago- A chain or cluster of islands Ionian Sea • Borders the west part of Greece • Contains the Ionian Islands Mediterranean Sea • The Mediterranean Sea links 3 continents: – Europe, Africa, and Asia • Connected to the Atlantic Ocean by the Strait of Gibraltar Your Map Mt. Olympus • The highest mountain in Greece – 9,500 feet tall • Home of the 12 Olympian Gods of Greek of Mythology • http://app.discoveryeducation.com/play er/view/assetGuid/A2156E2F-411E4EFA-BE83-CA68B5BE5C53 Athens • The capital and largest city of Greece • Named after the Greek Goddess “Athena” • The birthplace of Democracy • Today, over 3 million people live in Athens The city of Athens and the Acropolis Democracy began in Athens. 508 BCE • We still use this term today meaning 'ruled by the people'. • Male citizens were given the chance to vote in order to decide how the city-state should be run. • This is often said to be one of the Ancient Greek’s greatest ideas. Greek theatres first became popular in Athens. 472 BCE • Greeks found entertainment by visiting theatres to see magicians, jugglers and plays. • The actors often wore masks to show the audience if they were happy or sad. The Parthenon in Athens was finished. 432 BCE • This huge temple was built to house a statue of the Goddess Athena. • She was put there to look over and protect the city-state. Athens and Sparta Athens • Men had more rights than women – Women usually stayed at home while men gathered in the city • Boys were educated – Girls stayed home with their mothers and learned how to raise children and do domestic work • Athens was the center of Greek culture – Sculpture, music, drama, temples, etc. • Athens had a democracy, but only men could participate in government • Athens had a strong navy Sparta • Men trained for the military at a very young age. Women ran the household and businesses while the men trained. – Helots (Spartan slaves) did the manual labor • Men were sent to military school at age 7. Women were also trained and encouraged to stay fit and ready to defend Sparta. • Daily life and culture centered around the military. Sparta did not have the arts that Athens did. • Ruled by a military oligarchy – Military controls the people. A council of elders made important decisions • Sparta had a very strong military and made allies with many city-states that disliked Athens Way of Life • All males were required to be soldiers • At the age of 7, all males were sent to military training camps • Spartan males were required to marry by the age of 30 • They served in the military until age 60 Sparta • Sparta was much different than Athens. They ignored new ideas and focused on building a strong military – Others considered Spartan life to be harsh and had no desire to live this way • The Spartans isolated themselves from the rest of Greece City-States • Polis- A Greek city-state – City-states were governed differently • Monarchy- Ruled by a king or queen • Oligarchy- Ruled by a small group of wealthy people • Tyranny- Ruled by a military leader who overthrew the previous government • Democracy- Ruled by the people Limits to Democracy • Athenian democracy was only for males • Women, slaves, and others that were not born in Athens had no political or legal rights – As a result, Athens was ruled by a minority, not a majority of its residents Philosophers • Socrates (470-399 BC): A philosopher who taught people to search for truth. He often questioned authority and angered government leaders Philosophers • Plato (427-347 BC): A student of Socrates. He established a school called “The Academy” and taught students philosophy, science, and math. He also wrote “The Republic”, a book that describes the ideal form of government Philosophers • Aristotle (384-322 BC): A student of Plato. He opened his own school called “The Lyceum”. He wrote hundreds of essays on government and science Greek Mythology The Olympians • The Olympians- The 12 Main Gods of Ancient Greek Religion – Greek religion was polytheistic • They lived on Mt. Olympus, the highest mountain in Greece • The Greeks also believed in demigods – Half god and half human Oracle • Oracle- Someone that could speak the messages of the gods – Pythia, the Oracle at Delphi, was the most wellknown – Pythia only gave prophecies the seventh day of each month • Other oracles include Dodona and Trophonius Zeus (Jupiter in Roman Mythology) • King of the gods and ruler of Mount Olympus • God of the sky, lightning, thunder, law, order and justice • Symbols: Thunderbolt and eagle • Married to Hera • The Olympics were dedicated to him Hera (Juno in Roman Mythology) • Queen of the gods • Goddess of marriage and family • Symbols: Peacock, crown, and lion • Wife of Zeus