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BIOLOGY – Mr. Channell NAME: _______________________ Biology Unit 1 Review Guide ANSWERS Complete on a separate sheet of paper if needed. 1. Define “biology.” Study of life in the biosphere. 2. Explain the process of experimental design (the steps a scientist follows). Make an observation, ask a question, form a hypothesis, test and collect data, form a conclusion. 3. Explain the difference between independent and dependent variables. The independent variable is what you change in the experiment, while the dependent variable is what changes as a result of you’ve changed. 4. Explain the importance of control groups and variables in experimental design. A control group gives you a means to compare against the experimental group, which has undergone the change you’ve made (the independent variable). Control variables make sure that everything between the control group and the experimental group are the same except for the one variable that you’ve changed (again, this change you make is called the independent variable.) 5. Why did the theory of biogenesis replace the theory of spontaneous generation? Spontaneous generation claimed that life could spring from non-living things, which we found to be untrue as time went on and research methods improved. We now know that life can only come from pre-existing life. 6. Identify the smallest unit of life. The cell. 7. List the life processes and briefly describe each. Reproduction – producing offspring Growth – getting to adult size Excretion – getting rid of waste Respiration – getting energy from food Sensitivity – reacting to stimuli Movement – moving parts of the body Nutrition – finding food to stay alive OTHERS – Evolution (change over time) and Internal organization (organ systems) 8. Define the word "organic" as used in class. Matter that comes from once-living things. Always contains the element Carbon. 9. Describe (or draw and label) the structure of an atom. 10. Explain how carbon atoms form bonds and identify the types of structures formed when many carbons bond together. Carbon atoms have 4 valence (outermost) electrons, allowing them to create 4 bonds with other atoms to create chemical compounds. Quite often, carbon bonds to other carbon atoms to form straight chains, branched chains, or rings. 11. List the main elements found in living things. C (Carbon), H (Hydrogen), O (Oxygen), N (Nitrogen). 12. List the elements that make up the structure of each of the following: proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. Proteins – C, H, O, N Lipids – C, H, O, N, some P (Phosphorus) Carbohydrates – C, H, O 13. State the uses of each of the following types of molecules in the body: proteins, lipids, carbohydrates. Proteins – repairs muscle…aids in cell functions as enzymes, hormones, antibodies, etc Lipids – over ½ the body’s energy comes from lipids…can be stored as long term energy Carbohydrates – provide immediate energy…can’t be stored long term 14. Give 2+ examples of foods that would be a good source of each of the following: protein, lipid, carbohydrate. Protein – meat, fish, dairy, eggs Lipids – nuts, eggs, fish, oils Carbohydrates – breads, pastas, fruits, rice, vegetables 15. Compare and contrast mono-, di-, and polysaccharides. Monosaccharides – simple carbs made of only 1 sugar unit Disaccharides – simple carbs made of 2 sugar units Polysaccharides – complex carbs made of 3+ sugar units 16. Explain how a dehydration synthesis (condensation) reaction works. Water is removed to link monomers to form polymers. 17. Explain how a hydrolysis reaction works. Water is used to break a larger molecule apart. Also releases ATP (energy). 18. Draw the pH scale and label the location of acids, bases and neutral. Also distinguish between strong and weak acids and bases. 19. Explain the function and importance of enzymes in the body. Include the effects of pH and temperature in your explanation. Enzymes are molecules that affect the rates of chemical reactions in your body by acting as catalysts. This means they lower the amount of energy needed to “kick start” a reaction in your body (activation energy). Too high/low temperature or pH can affect their effectiveness, or prevent them from working at all. 20. Write two or three sentences that explain the relationship between the following terms: enzyme, catalyst, activation energy, substrate. An enzyme works as a catalyst to lower the amount of activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction in the body. Substrates, which are substances an enzyme works on to lower activation energy, fit with enzymes through a “lock and key” method, where the proper substrates fit perfectly together with the proper enzyme. 21. Explain the relationship between elements and compounds. Elements are the simplest form of matter, while compounds are multiple elements that have been chemically bonded together. 22. Explain the importance of ATP. ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is a chemical compound that is high in energy and allows us to do everything we do. 23. Why can lipids store large amounts of energy? Lipids are particularly long chains of carbons bonded together. ATP (energy) is stored in every bond in the chain.