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The World of Islam Chapter 6 Islamic civilization from about 600 to 1000 A.D. (C.E.) by a)describing the origin, beliefs, traditions, customs, and spread of Islam; Origins of Islam • Muhammad, the Prophet • Mecca and Medina on the Arabian Peninsula: Early Muslim cities Spread of Islam • Across Asia and Africa, and into Spain • Geographic extent of first Muslim empire Beliefs, traditions, and customs of Islam • Monotheism (Allah, Arabic word for “God”) • Qur’an (Koran): The word of God • Five pillars of Islam • Acceptance of Judeo-Christian prophets, including Moses and Jesus The influence of geography on Islamic economic, social, and political development, including the impact of conquest and trade; Geographic influences on the origin and spread of Islam • Diffusion along trade routes from Mecca and Medina • Expansion despite great distances, desert environments, and mountain barriers • Spread into the Fertile Crescent, Iran, and Central Asia, facilitated by weak Byzantine and Persian empires Geographic influences on economic, social, and political development • Political unity of the first Muslim empire was short-lived. • Arabic language spread with Islam and facilitated trade across Islamic lands. • Slavery was not based on race. Historical turning points that affected the spread and influence of Islamic civilization, with emphasis on the Sunni-Shi’a division, and the Battle of Tours; Historical turning points • Death of Ali - Sunni-Shi’a division • Muslim conquest of Jerusalem and Damascus • Islamic capital moved to Baghdad • Muslim defeat at the Battle of Tours • Fall of Baghdad to the Mongols Cultural and scientific contributions and achievements of Islamic civilization. Cultural contributions and achievements • Architecture (Dome of the Rock) • Mosaics • Arabic alphabet • Universities • Translation of ancient texts into Arabic Scientific contributions and achievements • Arabic numerals (adapted from India, including zero) • Algebra • Medicine • Expansion of geographic knowledge The Rise of Islam The Arabs Arose in the Arabian Peninsula and influenced Western Asia and beyond. They were a nomadic, Semitic-speaking people who lived in the arid climate of the Arabian Peninsula. The environment was harsh, they were organized into tribes and were led by a sheikh who was chosen from a council of elders. The tribes were independent, but worked together Early Religion -Most Early Arabs were polytheistic, many recognized a chief, or supreme god who they called Allah which is Arabic for “God.” -Allah was symbolized by a sacred stone, each tribe had their own stone, but there was one central stone called the Black stone which was placed in the shrine called the Kaaba. -This shrine was located in the city of Makkah (Mecca) in what is now Saudi Arabia. Trade The Arabian Peninsula became an important center for trade. The city of Mecca became rich from the caravan trade traffic which passed through the area. The domestication of the camel enabled traffic to cross the deserts and as empires grew up in the region trade increased greatly. As the merchants became rich from the Caravan traffic the life of the poor people of the area suffered. The Life of Muhammad Muhammad was born in Makkah in present-day Saudi Arabia to a merchant family. His parents died when he was young and he ended up living with his uncle who was a merchant and he became a caravan manager. Muhammad in Arabic Calligraphy Over time, he found the richness and corruption of the merchants and townspeople to be troubling. He decided to visit the hills to meditate. Muslims believe that while he was meditating in the hills he received revelations from God through the Angel Gabriel. Muhammad’s Revelation Muslims believe the Angel Gabriel told Muhammad to recite what he heard, it was believed that Allah had already revealed himself through Moses and Jesus, but now had a final revelation for man. This final revelation became the religion of Islam. Which means submission to the will of God. The Quran (Koran) The revelations to Muhammad were written down by scribes and became known as The Quran, which is the holy book of Islam. The Quran contains ethical guidelines and laws by which Muslims (followers of Islam) should live their lives. The Nature of The Quran The Quran is written in Arabic (Interesting): The Quran is considered to only be true when it is written in its original language. Translations are thought to lose the true meaning of the original words which are believed to be a direct revelation from God. The Muslim observance of Ramadan is to commemorate the recording of the holy text. After the Revelation After Muhammad received his revelation he went to his wife Khadija, she was his first convert to the new religion. He began to try to convert the people of Makkah to his message, but he was unsuccessful. After three years he was forced to go to the city of Yathrib, which later became Medina. This flight, or migration, is known as the Hijrah and marks the beginning of the Muslim calendar. This was in the year 622 CE. Acceptance in the city of the Prophet In Yathrib, renamed Medina (which means the city of the prophet) Muhammad was accepted and gained followers. One of the groups which converted to the new religion of Islam were the Bedouins who were desert Arabs. This new community became the first to practice the religion. After several years, Muhammad became both a spiritual and political leader, there was not an idea of the separation of church and state. He raised an army and conquered the city of Makkah. The Kaaba After Muhammad took the city of Makkah he cleansed the Kaaba of idols and dedicated it to Allah, who he taught was the one true God. All Muslims are encouraged to make a pilgrimage to Makkah known as the Hajj at least once in their life if they are physically and financially able. The Teachings of Muhammad Islam is Monotheistic, like Judaism and Christianity. Islam teaches a belief in an afterlife, those who hope to achieve this afterlife must submit to the will of Allah. Muslims do not believe the Muhammad was divine, they believe that he was a man. Islam is seen not just as a religion, but as a way of life. Muslims feel that in order to achieve salvation that they must obey the will of Allah, or God. In order to do this they must follow the five major principles of Islam known as the Five Pillars of Islam. The Five Pillars of Islam • 1-Declaration of Faith – Muslims must state that there is not God but Allah and Muhammad is his prophet. • 2. Daily Prayer – Muslims must pray five times a day facing the Kaaba in Mecca. • • • • • Pre Dawn Noon Afternoon Sunset Evening Five Pillars Continued . . . 3. Charity – Muslims are supposed to help others and donate part of their income to charity. 4. Fasting-Ramadan Muslims must fast from sunrise to sunset during the holy month of Ramadan which celebrates the recording of the Quran. Hajj • 5. Pilgrimage: Hajj – The fifth pillar of Islam is the Hajj. – Once in a lifetime, if they are physically and financially able , Muslims are to journey to Mecca (Makkah) in Saudi Arabia and perform the rituals of the Hajj. Islamic Law • After the death of Muhammad there were further interpretations of his teachings. These are known as the Hadith. There are different versions of the Hadith for different branches of Islam. • These teachings were further interpreted in the Shari’ah. This is a set of laws which regulate many aspects of Muslim life. It does not separate between church and state and covers family life, business, government, and moral conduct. • Muslims are expected to practice honesty and justice in dealing with others and are forbidden to gamble, eat pork, drink alcohol, or engage in dishonest behavior. Facts about Islam • Important Terms: • Quran (Koran)-Holy book of Islam • Muslim- A follower of Islam • Mosque- A Muslim House of Worship • Minarets- The towers located on a Mosque from which the Muezzin calls the faithful to prayer. Minaret Arab Rule • The Arabs were now united and expanded their territory instead of fighting each other. • They defeated the Byzantine army in 636 taking the province of Syria. By 642 they took Egypt and by 650 they controlled the Persian Empire Sunni vs. Shi’a (Shiite) • Sunni Muslims supported the Umayyad Dynasty. They believe the Caliph does not need to be a direct descendant of Muhammad. • Shi’a Muslims supported Hussein and believe that the Caliph should be a direct descendant of Muhammad through his son-in-law Ali and his grandson. The Crusades • The Byzantine Emperor Alexius I sent a letter to the Pope (Urban II) asking for help against the Turks. • This led to a series of wars in 1096 known as The Crusades. • At first the Crusaders were successful and took the city of Jerusalem. • In 1187 the Muslim leader Saladin retook the city, leaving the Christians with only a small collection of land holdings in the Middle East. • The Crusades had a lasting impact-breeding centuries of mistrust between the Muslim world and the Christian World. The Mongol Threat • The Mongols were a pastoral, horse-riding people who swept out of the Gobi in the early 13th century to seize control over much of the known world. • The were not Muslims and find it difficult to adapt to city life. • The spread destruction across Asia into Muslim territory. • The Invasion began with Genghis Khan and was continued under the leadership Kublia Khan and Hulegu. – They seized Mesopotamia Persia and Mesopotamia destroying the city of Baghdad in 1258 • The Mongols made it as far as the Red Sea, but were unable to take Egypt. • Over time the Mongol rulers converted to Islam and rebuilt the Muslim world. Prosperity in the Islamic World • The Muslim empires carried on extensive trade with China, the Byzantine Empire, India, and SE Asia. • Trade was done by ship and by camel caravans which traveled from Morocco in to West to the countries beyond the Caspian Sea in Central Asia. • Goods – – – – – – – Sub Saharan Africa: Gold and Slaves China: Silk and Porcelain E. Africa: Gold and Ivory SE Asia and India: Sandalwood and Spices. Egypt: Grain Iraq: Linen, Dates, and Precious Stones W. India: Textiles • The development of banking helped to facilitate trade and eventually influenced European banking systems during the European Renaissance. The Bazaar • The covered market was a central part of each Muslim city. • There were high standards for business and sanitation. • It was a place where people could acquire both goods and services. Islamic Society • Islam is considered more than just a religion, it is seen as a way of life that encompasses politics, economics, and social life. • According to the Quran, all people were equal in the eyes of Allah, but in reality, the Muslim Empires did not follow this ideal. There was a well developed upper and lower class. • Non-Muslims were not considered equal to Muslims and slavery was widespread (as in the rest of the ancient world). Slaves were usually non-Muslims because Islamic law made it illegal for one Muslim to enslave another. – Slaves served in the military or served as domestic servants. – Slaves could sometimes purchase their freedom and it was considered a good act to free ones slaves. The Role of Women • Originally, the Quran granted women spiritual and social equality with men. Both men and women were to be friends and protectors of one another. • Women could earn a living and own and inherit property. They played a prominent role in the rise of Islam. • Men and Women had assigned social duties, but most societies in which Islam arose were male dominated The Veil • The veil worn by Muslim women is traditionally called the Hijab. • The ideal of women wearing veils was common in many Middle Eastern cultures before the advent of Islam. – In Ancient Mesopotamia a veil was a symbol of status, purity, and moral character. • There is some controversy over this use of these veils today. There are different interpretations of this tradition in different parts of the Muslim world. In general, women and men are supposed to dress modestly, the degree of that modesty varies from region to region according to local custom and tradition. • In the Quran the Hijab has different meanings it can mean a curtain or partition dividing rooms--in other verses it is a sacred divide between the earth and holy, god and human, light and dark, and men and women. The Hijab covers the head and Neck The covering that women wear varies from country to country. The Chador covers the full body with a head scarf underneath. The Burka (Burqa) is a veil that completely covers the face and body. Preservation of Knowledge • Muslim scholars helped to preserve the knowledge of Greece and Rome by translating works and making them available to other scholars. – It is because of this that European scholars were able to rediscover the works of Aristotle and other Greek philosophers. – In the twelfth century these works were translated into Latin . – The discovery of paper-making technology from China made this much easier.