Download Chapter 17 - Gonzaga College High School

The School of Athens – Raphael, 1510 -11
Da Vinci
Raphael
Michelangelo
The School of Athens – Raphael, details
Plato:
looks to the
heavens [or
the IDEAL
realm].
Aristotle:
looks to this
earth [the
here and
now].
Hypatia
Pythagoras
Zoroaster
Ptolemy
Euclid
Portrait of Pope Julius II
by Raphael, 1511-1512
 More concerned with
politics than with
theology.
 The “Warrior Pope.”
 Great patron of
Renaissance artists,
especially Raphael &
Michelangelo.
 Died in 1513
Pope Leo X with Cardinal Giulio deMedici and Luigi De Rossi
by Raphael, 1518-1519
 A Medici Pope.
 He went through the
Vatican treasury in a
year!
 His extravagances
offended even some
cardinals [as well as
Martin Luther!].
 Started selling
indulgences.
Birth of Venus – Botticelli, 1485
An attempt to depict perfect beauty.
2002 Euro Coin
Botticelli’s Venus Motif.
10¢ Italian Euro coin.
The Doge, Leonardo Loredon
Berlini, 1501
Venus of Urbino – Titian, 1558
The Penitent Mary Magdalene by Titian, 1533
 By the mid-16c,
High Renaissance
art was declining.
 Mannerism
became more
popular.
 This painting is a
good example of
this new artistic
style.
Italian Literature
• Dante Alighieri
• Use of the vernacular.
• The Divine Comedy
– Virgil (reason and the
values of classical
civilization) serves as
Dante’s guide thru
Inferno and Purgatory
– Beatrice (love, faith,
and divine revelation)
served as Dante’s
idealized woman, and
his guide through
Paradise.
Italian Literature
• Francesco
Petrarca (Petrarch)
– The father of the Italian
sonnet.
• Giovanni
Boccaccio
Decameron
• Tales of people fleeing
the Black Death.
Italian Literature
• Niccolo
Machiavelli
– The Prince
• State exists for its
own sake.
• Ruler should be
concerned with the
preservation of his
authority.
• Any means of doing
so are justified.
• Moral
considerations have
no place in politics.
Italian Literature
• Baldassare
Castiglione
– The Book of the
Courtier
• Rules of gentlemanly
behavior.
• Described the ideal
“Renaissance Man.”
• An advocate of
humanistic education.
The Northern Renaissance
• Describes the Renaissance beyond
Italy.
• More of a Christian spirit than the
Italian Renaissance.
• Stress on social reform, as
humanists sought to create a more
perfect world.
The Renaissance in Germany
and the Low Countries
• The most important event
in the Renaissance outside
of Italy??
• Development of moveable
type (1455)
– Johannes Gutenberg
(1400-68)
• Rapid acceptance:
– 1480 = 400 presses in
W. Europe;
– 1500 = 1000 presses.
• Responsible for the rapid
spread of new knowledge
and ideas among the
educated classes.
The Renaissance in Germany and
the Low Countries
• Humanism in the North
• Typically referred to as “Christian
humanism.”
– An effort to unite classical learning with Christian faith.
The Renaissance in Germany and
the Low Countries
• Desiderius
Erasmus
– “Prince of the
Humanists”
– Education = the key to
moral and intellectual
improvement.
• Praise of Folly.
– A satire of prevailing
attitudes.
– Critical of Church abuses,
but no Protestant; a
strong opponent of Martin
Luther.
The Renaissance in Germany
and the Low Countries
• Art
• Pieter Brueghel
– Flemish painter
– Peasant Wedding
• Focused on the
lives and activities
of ordinary people.
The Renaissance in France
• Vernacular
literature
• Francois Rabelais
– Gargantua
– Pantagruel
• Adventures of 2
giants who lived
unrestrained lives,
indulging in virtually
every conceivable
pleasure.
The Renaissance in France
• Michel de
Montaigne
– Essays.
• A relativist in regards
to religion and
morality.
– Since one can’t know
with absolute certainty,
it was necessary to be
tolerant.
The Renaissance in England
• Geoffrey Chaucer
– Canterbury Tales
• Collection of
stories, in poetic
form, of pilgrims
journeying to the
shrine to St.
Thomas a Becket in
Canterbury.
• English literature is
said to begin with
Chaucer.
The Renaissance in England
• Humanism
• Thomas More
– Utopia
– Described an imaginary
island where an ideal
cooperative society
flourished as
contrasted to English
society.
• Socialist??
The Renaissance in England
• Elizabethan
Literature
• William
Shakespeare
• Plays dealing with the
range of human
emotions.
– The Taming of the Shrew, A
Midsummer Night’s Dream,
The Merchant of Venice,
Romeo and Juliet, Julius
Caesar, Hamlet, Othello, King
Lear, Macbeth, Antony and
Cleopatra.
The Spanish Renaissance
• Literature
• Miguel de
Cervantes
– a contemporary of
Shakespeare
– Don Quixote
• regarded by many
critics as the
greatest novel
written
• a satire of medieval
chivalry
The Spanish Renaissance
• Art
• Domenicos
Theotocopoulis,
aka, “El Greco”
– A religious mystic
whose paintings are
characterized by
elongated, distorted
figures.
The Renaissance & Social
Trends
• Women
• Women’s roles reflected the impact of the
Renaissance.
• The status of upper class women declined during
the period of the Renaissance.
– Better educated than middle/lower class women, but
education was expected to be used in household
management only.
• Sexual double standard.
– Rape of upper class women was seen as a violation of
a man’s property.
The Renaissance & Social
Trends
• The Renaissance was principally an
elitist movement.
– Little effect on the middle or working
classes.
– Poverty caused an increase in
infanticide and child abandonment.
Impact of the Renaissance
on Politics and the State
• “New” monarchs (products of
Renaissance thought) exercised
considerable authority.
• Interested in the centralization of
power and authority.
• Understood Machiavelli’s principles
(even though they hadn’t read him).
Impact of the Renaissance
on Politics and the State
• France
• Charles VII
1422-61)
(r.
– “The Victorious”
– Rebuilt France after
the Hundred Years’
War.
– Rebuilt the treasury.
• Gabelle (salt tax).
• Taille (land tax).
– First permanent,
professional royal army.
Impact of the Renaissance
on Politics and the State
• Louis XI (r.
1461-83)
– The “Spider King”
• Sneaky, a master of
intrigue.
– Used cunning, guile,
and the force of the
army to consolidate
power.
– Established the
foundation of the
absolutist state.
Impact of the Renaissance
on Politics and the State
• England
• The Wars of the
Roses (1455-71)
• Ineffective kings.
• Aristocratic civil war
fought between the
houses of York (white
rose) and Lancaster (red
rose).
• Damaged trade,
agriculture, and industry.
• Edward IV, Richard III,
Henry Tudor.
Impact of the Renaissance
on Politics and the State
• Edward IV (r.
1461-83)
• House of York
• Victorious over the
Lancastrians.
• Led the restoration
of royal power.
• Lessened the crown’s
reliance on Parliament
for funds.
• Died unexpectedly.
Impact of the Renaissance
on Politics and the State
• Henry VII (r.
1485-1509)
•
•
•
•
•
•
Welsh duke related to
Yorks.
Defeated Richard III.
Established the House of
Tudor.
Manipulated Parliament.
Court of Star Chamber
used to subdue aristocratic
class.
Reestablished royal
prestige by appealing to
the upper middle class.
Impact of the Renaissance
on Politics and the State
• Spain
• Ferdinand of
Aragon and
Isabella of Castile
(r. 1474-1516)
•
•
•
•
Marriage created a dynastic
union of 2 royal houses.
Not a political union.
Hermandades, or
brotherhoods that carried
out local justice.
“Catholic Kings of Spain” and
a “national church.”
Impact of the Renaissance
on Politics and the State
• The Reconquista
• Over time, Ferdinand and
Isabella were able to
drive the Moors out of
Spain.
• Presence of conversos,
forced converts from
Judaism (Marranos) and
Islam (Moriscos), a
threat to national
security.
• The Inquisition.
• The introduction of the
doctrine of racialism.