Download YEAR 4 GLOSSARY Adverbs: Adverbs are words that give extra

YEAR 4 GLOSSARY
Adverbs: Adverbs are words that give extra information about the events
described in a sentence. A lot of adverbs give us information about how things
happen e.g. quickly, sadly, carefully but some adverbs tell us where e.g. here,
outside or when e.g. today, tomorrow, always.
Apostrophe for Contraction: A contraction apostrophe joins two words
together. The apostrophe goes in place of the missing letters e,g, I am = I’m,
We are = We’re, They have = they’ve
Article: These are a subclass of determiners and are little words that go in front
of nouns:
a or an ( indefinite- general ) and the (definite- specific)
‘an’ used before a noun beginning with a vowel sound and ‘a’ used when the
noun following begins with a consonant sound e.g. a chair, an elephant, an
hour.
Auxiliary Verbs: a verb used in forming the tenses, moods, and voices of other
verbs. The primary auxiliary verbs in English are be, do, and have
Cause Conjunctions: Conjunctions, often in the middle of a sentence, used to
indicate the cause of something or reason for something. They include: because,
consequently, although, as a result, despite, due to, otherwise, since
Colon: The colon symbol : is added to a sentence before a list, summary, quote
or to complete a statement of fact. It sets off a summary or list etc. e.g. The
following snacks are available: apples, crisp, crackers.
Comma for added information: A pair of commas can separate extra
information in the middle of a sentence. They go on either side of the extra
information e.g. Susan’s crocodile is always happy – simple sentence, could be
turned into Susan’s crocodile, who loves flowers, is always happy.
Comparative Forms: Sometimes adjectives are used to compare two things.
Adjectives like this are called comparative adjectives e.g. Mrs Jones is old – an
adjective, Mrs Jones is older than Mr Jackson – a comparative adjective
Sometimes adjectives are used to show the most or the least of everything.
These are called superlatives e.g. Mrs Jones is the oldest person in our street.
Complex Sentences: Complex sentences are made up of at least two parts, or
clauses. One part is the main clause. The main clause makes sense by itself. The
other part is the subordinate clause. The subordinate clause gives extra
information. It does not make sense if you read it without the main clause.
e.g. Screaming wildly (subordinate), she jumped into the pool (main).
I love the summer (main) because we have a long holiday (subordinate).
Connectives and Conjunctions: Connectives are words or phrases that help to
link together ideas. Some connectives link together ideas within a sentence and
these are called conjunctions.
Connectives start a sentence. e.g. Next, Eventually, Suddenly, Meanwhile
Conjunctions link ideas together within a sentence e.g unless, although, as,
when, since, because.
Dashes: Dashes are similar to brackets. There are two main uses. A pair of
dashes can be used instead of brackets to add extra information e.g. The cats –
Poppy and Pepper – loved sleeping in the sun. A single dash can mark a pause
at the end of a sentence e.g. Sara looked over the bridge – there was a huge
drop.
Fronted Adverbial: A fronted adverbial – also known as adverbial phrase
positioned at the front of a sentence Fronting is mainly used by writers
(authors, journalists etc) for dramatic effect. It is not common in everyday
speech. It is useful to be able to recognize fronting when you see it. E.g. "On
the table stood a vase of flowers (A vase of flowers stood on the table)."
Hyphen: Hyphens are used to link words and parts of words. They are not as
common today as they used to be, but there are three main cases where you
should use them:
1. Hyphens are used in many compound words to show that the component
words have a combined meaning (e.g. a pick-me-up, mother-in-law, goodhearted) or that there is a relationship between the words that make up the
compound: for example, rock-forming minerals are minerals that form rocks.
But you don’t need to use them in every type of compound word.
2. Compound adjectives Many compound adjectives should be hyphenated e.g
accident-prone, computer-aided
3. Hyphens can be used to join a prefix to another word, especially if the prefix
ends in a vowel and the other word also begins with one (e.g. pre-eminent
or co-own). This use is less common than it used to be, though, and oneword forms are becoming more usual (e.g. pre–arrange or co-operate).
Inverted Commas (Speech Marks): Inverted commas are punctuation marks
used in pairs to set off a quotation or a piece of dialogue.
Main and Subordinate Clause: A main clause makes sense by itself. It can form
a complete sentence standing alone, having a subject and a verb e.g. The man
was happy. A subordinate clause gives extra information. It does not make
sense if you read it without the main clause e.g. when the football was on.
Noun Phrase: A noun phrase works like a noun but is a group of words that
work together and contain a noun e.g. The girl. A noun phrase can be
expanded to make an expanded noun phrase e.g. The tall girl, the yellow
butterfly etc.
Paragraph: A paragraph is a self-contained unit of writing dealing with a
particular point or idea. A paragraph consists of one or more sentences. It is
used to organize longer prose.
Past/ Present/ Future Tenses: The word tense refers to when something
happens. Verbs can be in the past, present or future. If something has already
happened, you use the past tense. If it is happening right at this moment, you
use the present tense. If it is yet to happen, you use the future tense
Personal Pronouns: Personal pronouns represent specific people or things. We
use them depending on:
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


number: singular (eg: I) or plural (eg: we)
person: 1st person (eg: I), 2nd person (eg: you) or 3rd person (eg: he)
gender: male (eg: he), female (eg: she) or neuter (eg: it)
case: subject (eg: we) or object (eg: us)
We use personal pronouns in place of the person or people that we are talking
about. My name is Josef but when I am talking about myself I almost always
use "I" or "me", not "Josef". When I am talking direct to you, I almost always
use "you", not your name. When I am talking about another person, say John,
I may start with "John" but then use "he" or "him".
Phrases and Clauses: Longer sentences are made up of phrases and clauses.
A clause is a group of words that includes a verb – it usually tells you about an
event
A phrase is a group of words that does not contain a verb – it gives extra
information about an event in a sentence.
A simple sentence can be made more interesting by adding phrases.
E.g. Once there lived a wise man.
Once, in a far and distant land, there lived a wise man with three daughters.
Plural: Denoting or referring to more than one person, thing, or instance.
Possessive Apostrophe: A possessive apostrophe shows something belongs to
something/ someone. To show possession, you add an apostrophe and an ‘s’ to
the owner or the owner’s name e.g. the boy’s computer. If something belongs to
a group of people or things that ends in an ‘s’ then just add an apostrophe e.g.
the neighbours’ new car. If the group does not end in an ‘s’ then add an
apostrophe and an ‘s’ e.g. The children’s new hula hoops
Possessive Pronoun: Certain pronouns called possessive pronouns show
ownership. Some are used alone; some describe a noun. Used alone: mine,
yours, his, hers, ours, theirs, whose Modify noun: my, your, his, her, its, our,
their, whose
Powerful Verbs: Powerful verbs can be used to suggest so much more about
characters, moods and feelings e.g. The man went into the room could becomeThe man danced into the room, the man stomped into the room, the man
tiptoed into the room
Prepositions: A preposition links nouns, pronouns and phrases to other words in
a sentence. The word or phrase that the preposition introduces is called the
object of the preposition.
A preposition usually indicates the temporal, spatial or logical relationship of its
object to the rest of the sentence as in the following examples:
The
The
The
The
book
book
book
book
is on the table.
is beneath the table.
is leaning against the table.
is beside the table.
She held the book over the table.
She read the book during class.
In each of the preceding sentences, a preposition locates the noun "book" in
space or in time. The most common prepositions are:
"about," "above," "across," "after," "against," "along," "among," "around,"
"at," "before," "behind," "below," "beneath," "beside," "between," "beyond,"
"but," "by," "despite," "down," "during," "except," "for," "from," "in," "inside,"
"into," "like," "near," "of," "off," "on," "onto," "out," "outside," "over," "past,"
"since," "through," "throughout," "till," "to," "toward," "under," "underneath,"
"until," "up," "upon," "with," "within," and "without."
Pronouns: Pronouns are words we use in place of nouns. Words like I, she, him
and it are all examples of pronouns. Pronouns are useful because they stop you
from repeating the same words over and over again e.g. Jack tried to carry
Jack’s bag but Jack’s bag was too heavy for Jack would be written as Jack
tried to carry his bag but it was too heavy for him.
Semi Colon: A semi colon symbol ; is used to link 2 separate sentences that are
closely related but do not have a conjunction. e.g. We went on a trip to
Blackpool; it was sunny.
Singular Denoting or referring to just one person, thing or instance.