Download File - Intro to HS Writing

Introduction to
High School Grammar
Parts of Speech
What is grammar?
• Grammar refers to the rules of communication, in particular writing.
• Without rules, things would be chaotic, and we wouldn’t be able to
communicate well.
Life without Grammar
The grammars has important, which we has teaching when they
aren't for new plan sometimes is dooms. Also trouble where picture
go for understanding when can't think to write to see. Because to
mislead accident selves.
What am I trying to say?
To learn the “rules” of Grammar, it helps to know the
language of Grammar. Certain words help us
understand and discuss the rules much easier.
Example: It is very hard to explain something if you
don’t know the language of that thing. Imagine trying
to explain how to brush your teeth without using words
like toothpaste, teeth, brush, and water.
Let’s Try Some More Examples: Play Taboo!
The Language of Grammar
Parts of Speech
Before we can learn how to communicate, we
must learn eight important words called Parts of
Speech. Every word in the English language can
be classified using these eight words.
1. Noun
2. Verb
3. Pronoun
4. Adjectives
5. Adverbs
6. Interjections
7. Prepositions
8. Conjunctions
1. Nouns
• Definition: Person, Place, Thing, Idea
• Tip 1: If you can put a, an, or the in front, it is probably a noun.
• Tip # 2: You can like it.
• I like ___________. If it makes sense, it’s probably a noun.
2. Verbs
There are three types of verbs.
1. Action Verbs
Things you can
Definition do
Used to describe
or show
similarity
3. Helping Verbs
Helps to clarify
action verbs
Think of it as an = Never alone;
sign
always before
an action verb
Tips
Examples
2. Linking Verbs
Jump, run, sing,
love, hit, play…
Is, are, was, were,
am, seems…
Is, are, was, were,
am, will, would,
could, should, can…
Noun + Verb = Sentence
• Joe jumped.
• Airplanes fly.
• Sarah dumped Joshua.
• Izabel is jumping.
• Joe will go home.
Every sentence must have a Noun and a Verb. If not, it is not a
sentence!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Journal 1
 Write three different sentences that ONLY have one noun and one
verb in them.
 Write three different sentences that use a linking verb.
 Write three different sentences that use a helping verb.
N+V Game
Get into pairs.
You will have two minutes to write as many N+V sentences as possible.
Remember, you can only write Nouns and Verbs. You must have a
period. The students with the most sentences wins!
Journal 3
Journal 3
Part 1: You will have two minutes to write as many N+V sentences as
possible. Remember, you can only write Nouns and Verbs. You must
have a period. The students with the most sentences wins!
Part 2: Write three sentences using the verb “is” as a linking verb.
Bonus: Who can write the longest correct sentence using ONLY nouns
and verbs.
Journal 4
Write 10 sentences with helping verbs. Helping verbs
are always with an action verb. They “help” us
understand the action a bit better by letting us know
when or if the action might happen. Two examples
have been done for you. Feel free to copy them.
1. Krissy is running a marathon next week.
2. I might walk to school next week.
Here are some other common helping verbs: would,
could, should, is, are, was, were, am, may, might,
must, have, has, had, will, shall, can, do, did, does.
Intro to HS Grammar
Notes Cont…
3. Pronouns
• Definition: Words that take the place of a noun.
• Examples:
Joe loves the baseball cards so much.
He loves those so much.
• Why do we need ‘em? Helps us not to be repetitive. Helps us
understand better.
Examples:
Miles hit Miles.
Miles hit himself.
3. Pronouns
How do I know if it is a pronoun or a noun?
• If it can be used to discuss various things, it is a pronoun.
• If you can put an article in front of it (a, an, the), it is a
noun.
Example:
Jeff like the his classes.
He likes them.
• Classes can have the words “a” or “the” in front of it, so it
must be a noun. Example  The classes are great.
• He can be used to discuss “Jeff” or any male, so it is a
pronoun.
• Them can be used to discuss “classes” or any thing that is
plural.
Him, Himself, Her, He, Herself, She, I, It, Them, Those, They,
These, That, This, My, We, Us, Everyone, Everybody,
Somebody, Someone, Anyone, Anybody, Anything, Anywhere,
Something, Somewhere, Everything, Everywhere, Who,
Whom, Their, Yours, There, Themselves, Ourselves, Myself,
yourself, Your
And MANY more!
Journal # 5
Write ten sentences that have a pronoun, a noun, and a verb. These
sentences should only have three words. You can’t use the same word
twice. Use your notes!
1. He ate pizza.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Journal 6
Write down 30 pronouns that you are not very familiar
with.
- Sounds of the City New York is a city of sounds: muted sounds and shrill
sounds; shattering sounds and soothing sounds; urgent
sounds and aimless sounds. The cliff dwellers of
Manhattan—who would be racked by the silence of the
lonely woods—do not hear these sounds because they are
constant and eternally urban.
Can you find two verbs? Two nouns? Two pronouns?
Modifiers
They add information to the sentence.
Adverbs and Adjectives
Nouns, Verbs, and Pronouns will make simple
sentence.
• He likes pizza.
• Everyone ran home.
Adjectives and Adverbs will help make those simple
sentences better by providing important and
interesting details.
• He likes soft crust, pepperoni pizza.
• Soon after, he slowly ran home.
4. Adjectives
• Definition: Adjectives tell us about a noun.
• TIP #1: Almost always come before a noun.
• TIP # 2: A, an, the are a special type of adjective called “articles.”
• TIP #3: Generally speaking, adjectives answer the following questions:
• Which?
• What kind of?
• How many?
Ticket Time – Find the adjectives…
1. The tall girl is riding a new bike.
2. The tough professor gave us the final exam.
3. Fifteen students passed the midterm exam; twelve students passed
the final exam.
4. Four turtles climbed on the log..
5. The baby birds flew from the nest.
6. I am holding a marker in my left hand.
Ticket Time – Add adjectives to these
sentences to make them better.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
The girl bought a bike.
The fox outsmarted the chicken.
Joe’s truck has a tire.
Rabbits chased my dog.
People love ice cream.
Miguel ordered a Coke.
Patricia played music on her guitar.
5. Adverbs
• Definition: Add information to verbs (and sometimes adverbs and
adjectives).
• TIP #1: Sometimes end in –ly.
• TIP #2: Most often answer how. Sometimes answer where, when, or
why in a sentence.
Adverbs To Know
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Now
First
Early
Every day
Often
There
Slowly
Quietly
Really
Very
A lot
A little
Kind of
Almost
•Simply
•Lately
•Recently
•Nearly
•Most
•More
•Less
•Least
•Only
•Barely
•However
•Too
•Enough
•Not
Ticket Time: Locate the Adverb
1. The cellist played carelessly.
2. That woman is extremely nice.
3. It was a terribly hot afternoon.
4. Today, we will take the test.
5. He has lived there for three years.
6. I really want that toy.
7. He practically fainted when he saw that spider.
8. He is more intelligent than Steve.
9. First, we need to go to the administration building.
10. There was too much noise to study effectively.
Journal # 7
Below are five simple sentences. Improve them by adding adjectives
and adverbs. Try to add as many as possible without being confusing.
Rewrite your new sentences in your journal. Some leading questions
have been provided to help you get going.
1. The girl played with her doll.
•
When did she play? How did she play? What was the girl
like? What about the doll?
2. The sun shined.
•
When? What color? How did it shine?
3. The girl walked down the hall.
•
Can you describe her? How did she walk?
4. The man ate his sandwich in the mall.
5. Birds sang in the tree.
Picture This
List all the words
that come to mind
when viewing this
picture. Use the four
sections to
categorize the
words. Then, write
ten sentences using
as much of the
words as possible.
Nouns
Adjectives
Verbs
Adverbs
Picture This Writing Assignment
1. Cut out a picture from a magazine.
2. Paste it on a sheet of paper.
3. List all the Nouns, Verbs, Adjectives, and Adverbs that come to
mind when you think of the picture (at least 20).
4. Make seven of your very best sentences with these words.
5. Use colored pencils to highlight the different words you used (see
next slide for specfici directions)
Picture This Writing Assignment
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Highlight all specific nouns using red.
Highlight all powerful verbs using blue.
Highlight all pronouns using green.
Highlight all adjectives using yellow.
Highlight all adverbs using purple.
Writing Workshop 1
Today we will work on becoming better writers. We will look at three
areas that we can improve upon:
1. Using more specific NOUNS.
2. Using more powerful VERBS.
3. Using more ADJECTIVES and ADVERBS (modifiers).
First, take notes!
Then, complete the worksheet for a grade.
Using Grammar to Improve Writing
Good writing helps the reader create images in his or her head.
There are three ways that we can improve our writing in this
way.
Rule # 1: Specific nouns are almost always better than general
nouns.
• General (bad): The boy read a book.
• Specific (good): Tommy read “Harry Potter.”
Rule # 2: Powerful verbs are better than generic verbs.
• Generic (bad): The girl walked into the room and sat down.
• Powerful (good): The girl stormed into the room and plopped down.
Rule # 3: Add colorful adjectives whenever possible to help
create a clearer image.
• No adjectives (bad): The girl looked at the sunset.
• Colorful adjectives (good): The blonde looked at the dramatic sunset
full of oranges and purples.
Writing Workshop
Directions: First, rewrite sentences by using specific nouns, powerful
verbs, and colorful adjectives. Follow these easy steps to get a good
grade on the worksheet AND your quiz.
• Identify words that needs to be changed.
• Change only that word.
• Follow the directions carefully.
Finally, rewrite the passage at the bottom using strong verbs, specific
nouns, and more adjectives (and adverbs).
Writing Workshop Review
A man went into the
woods. He walked up a hill,
prepared to shoot his gun
at any second. Something
made a noise in the
bushes, and he stopped to
listen. He pointed, but did
not shoot. The animal
began to run, stopped to
look at him for a second,
and then ran out of sight.
Jamal creeped into the DARK
woods. He SLOWLY walked up a
GIANT hill, prepared to shoot
his AK-47 at any second.
Something made a SLIGHT
noise in the bushes, and he
paused to listen CAREFULLY. He
SLOWLY aimed, but hesitated
to shoot. The GIANT, BROWN
animal WITH ANTLERS THE SIZE
OF A PERSON began to sprint,
stopped to look at him for a
second, and then darted out of
sight.
Journal # 10
Rewrite the following sentences using specific nouns, powerful verbs,
and more adjectives and adverbs.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The girl got a bike for the holiday.
The boy passed the test.
It is raining.
The dog barked at the girl as she walked down the street.
The teacher went into the room and began to speak to the class.
Introduction to High
School Grammar
6. Interjections
7. Conjunctions
8. Prepositions
6. Interjections
Definition: An interjection is a word added to a sentence to
convey emotion.
TIP #1: You usually follow an interjection with an exclamation
mark.
TIP # 2: Interjections are uncommon in most writing.
• The highlighted words in the following sentences are
interjections:
•
•
•
•
•
Ouch, that hurt!
Oh no! I forgot that the exam was today.
Hey! Put that down!
I heard one guy say to another guy, "He has a new car, eh?"
I don't know about you but, good lord, I think taxes are too high!
7. Conjunctions
Definition: Combines words, phrases, sentences. Shows a
relationship between ideas.
TIP # 1: There are three major kinds:
1.Coordinating 2.Subordinate 3.Correlative
Where are the conjunctions?
• I like pizza and tacos.
• I like pizza and Joe likes pizza.
• I like pizza, but Joe likes tacos.
• Because I’m tired, I shouldn’t drive home.
• I was studying while she slept.
• Not only do I like basketball but also baseball.
8. Prepositions
Definition: Prepositions show a relationship between two things. These
relationships can be about space, location, time, etc…
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
The book is on the table.
The book is beneath the table.
The book is leaning against the table.
The book is beside the table.
She held the book over the table.
She read the book during class.
A group of friends left the auditorium.
Most Common Prepositions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
at
about
above
across
after
against
along
behind
below
beneath
beside
between
down
during
15. for
16. from
17. in
18. off
19. of
20. on
21. onto
22. out
23. outside
24. to
25. toward
26. under
27. until
What We’ve Learned So Far
1. To make a sentence, you only need ______________.
2. ____________ can be used in place of nouns. They can help make
things less repetitive.
3. We can add _____________ and ___________ to our writing to
make it more descriptive and interesting.
4. ____________ nouns are better than general nouns.
5. ____________ verbs are better than generic verbs.
Review Practice: Label Every Word
• He is tall.
• Sarah quickly ate all the cake.
• Jason went home yesterday.
• The intelligent fox ate too much.
• They quietly rode their bikes around town while their mothers slept.
Practice Assessment
• Underneath your journal, create five columns. Label
each column as below. Try to write down ten words
for each column. Which one did you have the most
trouble on?
Noun
Car
Verb
Is
Pronoun
They
Adjective
Yellow
Adverb
Really
Journal # 1: How To Study
1. Choose one preposition. Write something about you using that
preposition.
2. Choose one preposition. Write something funny using that
preposition.
3. Draw one preposition in a creative way.
4. Write a short story using five prepositions.
5. Remember all the prepositions that start with “B.”
How to Study
1. We remember things better if we can make personal
connections with them.
2. We remember things better if they are connected to
emotions or feelings.
3. We remember things better if we see it visually.
4. We remember things better if we create something with
it.
5. Chunking helps us remember long lists.
Find strategies that work for you. In order to find the
strategies, you must try to study! The more you do it, the
easier it gets.
Journal # 2 – Preparing for Assessment
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Make a sentence with only a verb and a noun.
Make a sentence with only a noun, verb, and pronoun.
Make a sentence with an adverb in it.
Make a sentence with two adjectives.
Improve this sentence by adding specific nouns, powerful verbs,
and more adjectives.
The girl went to the beach to look at the sunset.
Let’s Try Again
Tomorrow you will be quizzed on prepositions again. Be sure to study
using some of the tips learned today.
Journal 3
1. Use SPECIFIC NOUNS to make the following sentence
better.
The policeman arrested the man at the hotel.
2. Use POWERFUL VERBS to make the following sentence
better.
She is a dancer.
3. Use ADJECTIVES/ADVERBS to make the following sentence
better.
The bear walked into the camp to find some food.
4. Use SPECIFIC NOUNS, POWERFUL VERBS, and
ADJECTIVES to make the following sentences better.
The exam was passed by the girl.
The soldier went down the street with a gun.
Intro to Grammar Notes:
Conjunctions
Coordinating Conjunctions
1. Coordinating Conjunctions
•
•
•
FANBOYS (For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So)
Always in the middle of a sentence.
Indicates that two ideas are of equal importance.
Coordinating Conjunctions
FANBOYS: For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So
• Combine the following ideas using Coordinating Conjunctions.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Joe is tall. His brother is short.
I did not eat. I am hungry.
I do not like you. I do not like him.
I like dogs. I like cats.
We can go to the mall. We can go the museum.
Subordinate Conjunctions
•
•
Combines two ideas, making one of them less important than the other.
Can be at beginning or middle of a sentence.
•
If in the middle, NO comma is needed.
ABBI SAW A WUWU
MOST COMMON Subordinate Conjunctions
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
As
Because
Before
If
Since
Although
When
After
While
Until
Whether
Unless
Correlative Conjunctions
3. Correlative Conjunction
•
•
Always come in pairs
Show equality between joined items.
Most frequently used correlative conjunctions:
both . . . and
either . . . or
neither . . . nor
not . . . but
not only . . . but also
Conjunction Review
• Conjunctions combine words, sentences, ideas.
• Conjunctions help to show a relationship.
• There are three types of conjunctions: subordinate,
coordinate, and correlative
• There are only 7 coordinate conjunctions (FANBOYS).
Always in the middle of a sentence.
• There are many subordinate conjunctions. They can be in
the middle or beginning.
• There are several correlative conjunctions. They are always
in pairs.
Locate the Conjunction
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Joe and Steve went to the park.
I did study, yet I still got a “D.”
Because of the rain, practice was cancelled.
I went home after school.
While the teacher was talking, several boys were shooting spit balls and
making animal noises.
Even though he is tall, he’s not that good at basketball.
I tried to call, but no one picked up the phone.
I got in a fight, so I got suspended.
Not only did I go to Vegas, but I also won $4,000.
Task 1: Worksheet
Complete the Conjunction Worksheet. Share your answers with your
class. Put it in your binder.