Download Causative verbs - Dewi Ratna Yulianingsih

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UNIT 1
REFLEXIVE AND EMPHATIC PRONOUNS
Subject
I
You
They
We
He
She
It
You
Object
Me
You
Them
Us
Him
Her
It
You
Possessive
Adjective
My
Your
Their
Our
His
Her
Its
Your
Possessive
Pronoun
Mine
Yours
Theirs
Ours
His
Hers
---Yours
Reflexive
Pronoun
Myself
Yourself
Themselves
Ourselves
Himself
Herself
Itself
Yourselves
Example:
When you see the African lions in the park, you see them in their true environment.
Both pronoun you are in the subject position. The pronoun them is the object
pronoun and refers to the lions. The pronoun their is in the possessive adjective form
because the environment discussed in sentence is that of the lions.
Possessive pronouns or adjectives are usually used with reference to parts of the
body.
Example:
1. She put the shawl over her shoulder
2. She lifted the boy and put the shawl in his shoulder.
3. She put a red hair on her head and a green one on his.
Observe the following example. Does the pronoun or possessive adjective agree with the
word it refers to?
Example:
The little girl put on her hat, and the little boy put on his hat.
If the hat girl put on belongs to the girl, the possessive adjective must agree with the word
girl. If the hat the boy put on belongs to the boy, the possessive pronoun must agree with
the word boy. If something in the sentence indicates that the hats they put on belong to
someone else, agreement must be made between the possessive pronoun or adjective and
that other person.
Exercise
A. State whether the sentences below are correct or incorrect.
1. When he comes back from vacation, Bob and me plan to look for another apartment.
When he comes back from vacation, Bob and I plan to look for another apartment.
2.
The bus leaves Ted and she at the corner
The bus leaves Ted and her at the corner
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B.
Choose the Correct Answer
1.
The jaw structure of a snake permits it to eat and digest animals much larger than
____
a. it
c. itself
b. its
d. it has
2.
Sports medicine experts agree that ice should be applied immediately when an athlete
suffers an injury to______ leg
a. its
c. the
b. an
d. his
3.
One property of radioisotopes is that _______decaying occurs in half-lives over a long
period of time.
a. they
c. they’re
b. them
d. their
4.
Since the earth’s crust is much thicker under the continents, equipment would have to
be capable of drilling through 100,000 feet of rock to investigate the mantle ______
a. beneath them
c. beneath its
b. beneath their
d. beneath they
5.
There are ten children playing in the yard near my house, but your child is not______
a. among them
c. among their
b. among us
d. among theirs
The policemen ordered the suspect not to remove _______ from the hood of the car.
a. their hands
c. them hands
b. his hands
d. him hands
6.
7.
It was ________ who came running the into the classroom
a. I
c. mine
b. me
d. my
8.
The company has so little money that ________ cannot hardly operate anymore.
a. it
c. its
b. their
d. they
9.
The students were interested in taking a field trip to The National History Museum,
but _______ were not able to raise enough money.
a. them
c. they
b. their
d. theirs
10. His father does not approve of _______ to the banquet without dressing formally.
a. his going
c. he goes
b. him to go
d. him going
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C. Choose the letter of the underlined word that is not correct
1.
According to the Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, no person should be
A
B
C
compelled to be a witness against him own
U
D
2.
According to the theory of natural selection, the man who was able to use the hand
A
and feet most freely to walk and grasp was the one who survived and evolved.
B
C
D
3.
Although Barney Clark lived only a few months with that artificial heart, doctors were
A
able to learn a great deal from him having used it.
B
C
D
4.
According to Amazon legends, men were forced to do all of the household tasks for
A
B
the women warriors who governed and protected the cities for they.
C
D
5.
After she had bought himself a new automobile, she sold her bicycle.
A
B
C D
6.
Before my parents went home, she had bought me some food.
A
B
C
D
Peter and Tom play tennis every morning with Mary and I
A
B
C
D
7.
8.
A mosquito’s wings move about one hundred times per second. Their wing
A
B
C
movement is the sound we hear when a mosquito is humming in our ears.
D
9. The only teachers who were required to attend the meeting were George, Betty,
A
B
C
and me.
D
10. Because Sam and Michelle had done all of the work theirselves, they were unwilling
A
B
C
to give the results to Joan.
D
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UNIT 2
MODAL AUXILIARIES
The modal auxiliaries in English are: can, could, had better, may, might, must,
ought to, shall, should, will, would. Modal auxiliaries generally express a speaker’s
attitude, or “moods”. For example, modals can express that a speaker feels something is
necessary, advisable, permissible, possible, or probable and addition, they can convey the
strength of these attitudes.
Modal is used with a verb word. A verb word is the dictionary form of the verb. In
some grammar books, the verb word is called the bare infinitive. Verb words are very
important in many patterns, but they are used most often with modals.
Subject
They
Modal
Might
Verb word
visit
Object
us
Must is also a modal. Must followed by the verb word have and a participle
expresses a logical conclusion based on evidence. The conclusion is about an event that
happened in the past.
Remember that an observation in the present may serve as the basis for a
conclusion about something that happened in the past.
For example, “here is a message on my desk.”
It may be concluded that “my friend must have called last night”.
Subject
My friend
Must have
must have
Participle
called
Past time
last night
Avoid using should or can instead of must. Avoid using a verb word instead of have and
a participle when referring to events in the past.
Must that is followed by be and an –ing form or an adjective expresses a logical
conclusion based on evidence. The conclusion is about an event that is happening now.
-ing
Subject
My friend
Must be
must be
calling
Present tense
now
Subject
Must be
must be
Verb word
upset
Present time
now
He
Must followed by a verb word expresses a logical conclusion based on evidence.
The conclusion is about an event that happens repeatedly.
Subject
My friend
Must
must
Verb word
call
Repeated time
often
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Remember that know followed by a noun expresses knowledge.
Subject
Know
I
Noun
the answer
Know
know how followed by an infinitive expresses ability
Subject
My friend
Know
know
How
infinitive
to answer
How
the question
Used to is similar to modal. Used to with a verb means that a custom in the past has not
continued.
Subject
Used to
used to
He
Verb word
Phrase/ Noun
in the country
live
Be used to with an –ing form means to be accustomed to.
Subject
He
be
–ing form
Used to
used to
was
living
Phrase/ Noun
in the country
Had better is similar to a modal. Although had appears to be a past, had better expresses
advice for the future.
Subject
You
Subject
You
Had better
had better
Had better
had better
Verb word
take
Not
Not
Phrase/Noun
Chemistry 600 this semester
Verb word
Take
Phrase/ Noun
Chemistry 600 this semester
The phrase would rather is similar to a modal. Although would rather appears to be a
past, it expresses preference in present and future time
Subject
I
Subject
I
Would rather
would rather
Would rather
would rather
Verb
Drive
Not
Not
Verb
drive
When the preference is for another person or thing, would rather that introduces a clause.
The other person or thing is the subject of the clause. Although the verb is past tense, the
preference is for present or future time.
Subject
I
Would rather
would rather
That
That
Subject
you
Verb (past)
drove
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Avoid using a present verb or a verb word instead of a past verb. Avoid using should and
a verb instead of a past verb.
Subject
I
Would rather
would rather
That
That
Subject
You
Didn’t
didn’t
Verb word
drive
Exercises!
A. State whether the sentences below are correct or incorrect.
1. After you show me the way, I can to go by myself.
After you show me the way, I can go by myself
2. He was used to drink too much
He used to drink too much
3. You had better to hurry if you don’t want to miss the bus.
You had better hurry if you don’t want to miss the bus.
4. If you don’t mind, I’d rather not to serve on the committee.
If you don’t mind, I’d rather not serve on the committee.
5. Diane would rather that her husband doesn’t working so hard.
Diane would rather that her husband didn’t work so hard.
B.
Choose the correct answer!
1. By the time a baby has reached his first birthday, he should, without the help of an
adult, _______sit up or even stand up.
a. to be able to
c. able to
b. to be able
d. be able to
2. The theory of Continental Drift assumes that there _______long term climatic
changes in many areas during the past.
a. must have been
c. must be
b. must have
d. must
3. The general public________ a large number of computers now, because prices are
beginning to decrease
a. must buy
c. must be buying
b. must have bought
d. must buying
4. Since more than 50 percent of all marriages in the United States end in divorce,
about half of the children in America must _______.in single parent homes.
a. grow up
c. growing up
b. to grow up
d. have grown up
5. In a liberal arts curriculum, it is assumed that graduates will ______.about English,
languages, literature, history, and the other social sciences.
a. know
c. know how
b. knowledge
d. knowing
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6. Harvard________ a school for men, but now it is coeducational, serving as many
women as men.
a. was used
c. used to be
b. was used to
d. was used to be
7. To check for acidity, one had better _______litmus paper.
a. use
c. to use
b. to use
d. useful
8. The great apes, a generally peaceful species, _______.in groups.
a. would rather living
c. would rather live
b. would rather they live
d. would rather lived
9. He told me a lot about the Philippines. He ________ there for a long time.
a. must have lived
c. might be living
b. ought to be lived
d. should be living
10. When we got home, we found the front door open. Somebody ______entered the
house while we were away.
a. must have
c. ought to have
b. would have
d. should have
C. Choose the letter of the underlined word that is not correct
1. It is said that the American flag has five-pointed stars because Betsy Ross told
A
B
General Washington she would rather that he changing the six-pointed ones.
C
D
2. Secretariat run the Kentucky Derby in 1.59 minutes, setting a record that has
A
B
C
remained unbroken since 1973.
D
3. Because doctors are treating more people fro skin cancer, it is widely believed that
A
B
changes in the protective layers of the earth’s atmosphere must produced harmful
C
D
effects.
4. Some astronomers contend that in ancient times, the Big Horn Medicine Wheel, an
A
arrangement of stones in Wyoming, must have serve as sighting points for
B
C
D
observations of the sun.
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5. The Amish people, descended from the Germans and Swiss, would rather using
A
horses than machines for transportation and farm work because they believe that a
B
C
simple life keeps them closer to God.
D
6. In today’s competitive markets, even small businesses had better to advertise
A
B
on TV and radio in order to gain a share of the market.
C
D
7. As television images of the astronauts showed, even for trained professionals who
A
B
are used to move about in a lessened gravitational field, there are still problems.
C
D
8. The Impressionists like Monet and Manet knew to use color in order to create an
A
B
C
image of reality rather than reality itself.
D
9. Sheep must have mate in fall since the young are born in early spring every year.
A
B
C
D
10. When the weather becomes colder we know that the air mass must originated
A
B
C
in the Arctic rather than over the Gulf of Mexico.
D
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UNIT 3
CAUSATIVE VERBS
The causative verbs are used to show that one person causes second person to do
something for the first person. It means that he can cause another person to do something
for him by paying, asking, or forcing the person. The causative verbs commonly used are:
have, get, make.
(1) ACTIVE
S + have / make* + complement + verb in simple form .......
(any tense)
(usually person)
e.g.:


Gery had Tom clean the floor. ( Tom cleaned the floor) → active
I have my husband buy me a new car.
* The causative verb make can be followed only by a clause in the active voice. It has
stronger sense than have and get. It means force
The robber made the teller give him the money.
(The robber forced the teller to give him the money.)
The president is making his cabinet members sign this document.
(2) ACTIVE
S
e.g.:


+ get + complement + to infinitive ................
(any tense)
(usually person)
Gery got Tom to clean the floor. (Tom cleaned the floor) active
I get my husband to buy me a new car.
(3) PASSIVE
S + have / get + complement + V3 (past participle) ............
(any tense)
e.g.:


(usually thing)
Gery got (had) the floor cleaned. (The floor was cleaned by somebody) → passive
I have/get the new car bought.
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Other examples:
1. The lecturer had the students hand in the term paper on time.
The lecturer got the students to hand in the term paper on time.
The lecturer got/ had the term paper handed in.
2. Dick is having his sister make the bed.
Dick is getting his sister to make the bed.
Dick is getting/ having the bed made.
Exercise
A. State whether the sentences below are correct or incorrect.
1. The teacher made John to leave the class.
2. Ellen got Marley paint the wall.
3. The policeman made the robber lie on the ground.
4. Maria had Gene prepare the meal.
5. We have to have our children to study hard.
B. Choose the correct answer!
1. Nadia will have her friend______ her essay assignment next week.
a. submit
c. submitting
b. submitted
d. to submit
2. The students are getting the lecturer _______ the schedule.
a. change
c. to change
b. changing
d. changed
3. The attorney had his client_______ the possibility of winning the case.
a. consider
c. to consider
b. considering
d. considered
4. All people make the new leader _______the need for justice and equality.
a. emphasize
c. to emphasize
b. emphasizing
d. emphasized
5. The instructor had the trainees _______a project report.
a. making
c. made
b. make
d. to make
6. The test administrator made us not _______our books until h told us to do so.
a. open
c. opening
b. to open
d. opened
7. Jack always gets me _______beside him.
a. not to smoke
c. not smoking
b. no smoking
d. not smoke
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8. The speaker is getting the audience ______to his speech.
a. listen
c. listening
b. listened
d. to listen
9. The principal always has the students _______the school rules.
a. obey
c. to obey
b. obeying
d. obeyed
10. The new government will have the budget of education_______.
a. increased
c. increase
b. to increase
d.increasing
C. Choose the letter of the underlined word that is not correct
1. Luis got his sister read his class assignment, and then asked her to write the report
A
B
for him because he did not have enough time.
C
D
2. The director had them to work in committees to plan a more effective advertising
A
B
C
campaign for a new product.
D
3. James’ lecturer had him to rewrite his thesis many times before allowing him to
A
B
C
present it to the committee.
D
4. I always go to the hairdresser’s to have my hair to cut every month.
A
B
C
D
5. Why don’t you make her doing it herself.
A
B
C
D
6. Hendry always gets the room cleanly every day.
A
B
C
D
7. Father will have the mechanic repaired my car before I use it tomorrow.
A
B
C
D
8. The police officer had the suspect to fill the form.
A
B
C
D
9. Nadine usually gets the woman sweep the floor in the morning.
A
B
C
D
10. Father will have the room clean before the guests arrive.
A
B
C
D
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UNIT 4
SUBJUNCTIVE
(a) The teacher demands that we be on 
time.
(b) I insisted that he pay me the money
(c) I recommended that she not go to the
concert
(d) It is important that they be told the
truth
In (a): be is a subjunctive verb. The
subjunctive is used in a noun clause that
follows certain verbs and expressions.
The sentences generally stress importance.
In this sentence, the subjunctive verb is
used only in its simple form. It does not
have present, past, or future form; it is
neither singular nor plural.
 Negative: not + simple form, as in (c).
 Passive: simple form of be + past
participle, as in (d)
(e) I suggested that she see a doctor
Should is also possible after suggest and
(f) I suggested that she should see a doctor recommend
Common verbs and expressions followed by the subjunctive in the noun clause
demand
insist
request
ask
would rather
suggest
recommend
advise
propose
it is important
it is necessary
it is essential
it is vital
it is imperative
Exercise
A. State whether the sentences below are correct or incorrect.
1. Mr. Adams insisted that we be careful in our writing.
2. It is essential that no one will be admitted to the room without proper
identification.
3. It is vital that no one else know about the secret government operation.
4. I requested that I permit to change my class.
5. Her advisor recommended that she takes five courses.
B. Choose the correct answer!
1. It is imperative that he_____ home immediately.
a. returns
c. will return
b. return
d. shall return
2. The government proposed that a new high way _____.
a. is built
c. builds
b. will be built
d. be built
3. She specifically asked that I ______anyone else about it.
a. not tell
c. will not tell
b. does not tell
d. do not tell
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4. Most insurance agents would rather you _____anything about collecting claims until
they investigate the situation.
a. do
c. not do
b. do not
d. did not
5. It is necessary that calcium ______for the development of strong bones and teeth.
a. be used
c. is used
b. will be used
d. used
6. The judge insisted that the jury ________ a verdict immediately.
a. return
c. returned
b. returning
d. returns
7. The university requires that all its students _______ this course.
a. taking
c. take
b. took
d. are taking
8. Congress has recommended that the gasoline tax _______ abolished
a. be
c. was
b. is
d. to be
9. It is imperative that the committee ________ discussion on this issue
a. suspended
c. suspend
b. suspending
d. suspends
10. It is advised that you ________ the prerequisites before registering for this course.
a. takes
c. take
b. took
d. to take
C. Choose the letter of the underlined word that is not correct
1. It is essential that the temperature is not elevated to a point where the substance
A
B
formed may become unstable and decompose into its constituent elements.
C
D
2. When a patient’s blood pressure is much higher than it should be, a doctor usually
A
B
C
insists that he will not smoke.
D
3. He insisted that the food is canned for later consumption.
A B
C
D
4. The instructor recommended that everyone takes the placement test.
A
B
C
D
5. The government urged that all citizens will vote in the next election.
A B
C
D
6. It is most important that he speaks to the dean before leaving for his vacation.
A
B
C
D
7. It was suggested that Pedro studies the materials more thoroughly before
A
B
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attempting to pass the exam.
C
D
8. The doctor advised Mr. Andrew that he lies in bed for a few days as a precaution
A
B
C
against further damage to the tendons.
D
9. It is urgent that the committee will study the proposals before making a decision.
A
B
C
D
10. The director suggested that his staff to plan a more effective advertising campaign
A
B
C
for the new product.
D
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UNIT 5
TENSES
THE SIMPLE TENSE
Tense
Simple Present
Present
Progressive
(Continuous)
Tense
Simple Past
Past
Progressive
(Continuous)
Examples
(b) It snows in Alaska
(c) I read newspaper every morning
Meaning
In general, the simple
present expresses events or
situations that exist always,
usually, habitually. They
exist now, have existed in
the past, and probably will
exist in the future.
(d) John is eating dinner now
This present progressive is
(e) We are leaving for the theater at used to indicate present
seven o’clock.
time (now) with all (c).
It is also used to indicate
future time (d).
Examples
(a) John went to Spain last year.
(b) Bob bought a new bicycle
yesterday.
(c) Maria washed the dishes last
night
Meaning
The simple past is used for a
completed
action
that
happened at one specific
time in the past.
It began and ended in the
past.
(d) When Mark came home, Martha Past progressive is used to
was watching television.
indicate an action which was
(f) Martha was watching television occurring in the past and
while John was reading a book.
was interrupted by another
action.(d)
It is also used to indicate
two actions occurring at the
same time in the past. (e)
THE PERFECT TENSE
Tense
Present Perfect
Examples
(a) John has travelled around the
world.
(b) George has seen this movie three
times.
(c) John has lived in the same house
for twenty years. (he still lives
there)
Meaning
The present perfect is used
to indicate an action that
happened at an indefinite
time in the past (a)
It is also used to indicate an
action that happened more
than once in the past (b)
It is also used to indicate an
action began in the past and
is still occurring in the
present (c).
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Present Perfect (a) I have been waiting for her since Present perfect continuous
Continuous
you left
is used to indicate an action
that began in the past and
still occurring in the present
(present perfect rules). It is
also possible to use the
present perfect progressive.
Tense
Past Perfect
Examples
Meaning
(a) John had gone to the store before Past perfect is used to
he went home.
indicate an action that
happened before another
action in the past; there
usually are two actions in the
sentence.
Exercise
A. State whether the sentences below are correct or incorrect.
1. Please, be quiet. I am trying to concentrate.
2. Kathy is always washing her hair every other day.
3. I called Mary last night.
4. In her whole life time, I have never see snow.
5. She will probably attends the meeting.
B. Choose the correct answer!
1. A: ” How long has she been the principal of our school?”
B: “ Since I _____this school.”
a. was entering
b. have entered
b. would entered
d. entered
2. A: “ Can I borrow your magazine?”
B: “ I’ am sorry, my sister ______it.
a. is still reading
b. will still read
b. has been reading
d. still reads
3. “ Oh dear! I forgot to bring my dictionary”.
“ That’s all right. I ______you mine.”
a. am lending.
c. am going to lend
b. will lend
d. will be lending
4. “Where is my dictionary? It was on my desk.”
“Perhaps, somebody ______it.”
a. takes
c. has taken
b. is taking
d. had taken
5. Political demonstrations on American campuses have abated_______
a. after 1970
c. in 1970
b. for 1970
d. since 1970
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6. People who have very little technical background have______ to understand
computer language.
a. learn
c. learning
b. learned
d. learns
7. Before the Angles and Saxons ______to England, the Ibarians had lived there.
a. came
c. comes
b. had come
d. has come
8. My nephew______ working for me about ten years ago.
a. begun
c. begin
b. have begun
d. began
9. Doctoral students who are preparing to take their qualifying examinations have
been studying in the library every night _______the last three months.
a. since
c. until
b. before
d. after
10. The internal Revenue service ______their tax forms by April 15 every year.
a. makes
c. make
b. is making
d. has made
C. Choose the letter of the underlined word that is not correct
1. Before she died, Andrew Jackson’s daughter, who lives in the family mansion, used
A
B
C
to take tourists through her home.
D
2. Aging in most animals can be readily modified when they will limit caloric intake.
A
B
C
D
3. Two of the players from the Yankees has been chosen to participate in All Star
A
B
C
D
game.
4. The first electric lamp had two carbon rods from which vapor serves to conduct
A
B
C
D
the current across the gap.
5. Before dinosaurs became extinct, plant life is very different on earth.
A
B
C
D
6. When Columbus seen the new world, he thought that he had reached the East
A
B
C
Indies by way of a Western route.
D
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7. Nerve impulses will send sensation to the brain at a speed of about one hundred
A
B
C
yards per second.
D
8. In 1970, according to the National Center for Health Statistics, the average life
A
B
expectancy for people born during year is 72.4 years.
C
D
9. The professor had already given the homework assignment when he had
A
B
remembered that Monday was a holiday.
C
D
10. John lived in New York since 1990 to 2000, but he is now living in Detroit.
A
B
C
D
Page 34
UNIT 6
PASSIVE
A. Form
We make passive verb forms with the verb TO BE + PAST PARTICIPLE
To be includes: am, is, are, was, were, be, and been.
B. Uses
o To focus on something that happens to someone rather than the person
who does the action.
Over 36% of Guatemalan workers are employed in the agricultural
sector.
o To talk about systems and processes
Many of the world’s diamond are mined in South Africa. The stones are sent to
Amsterdam, where they are sold to international dealers. The stone are cut in Antwerp,
and they are then sold on to jewelers.
o To have business correspondence, because it is less personal.
Compare:
Peter Jason, who opens our post at this branch, received your letter yesterday. He has
forwarded it to Head Office. (Active)
Thank you for your letter which was received at this branch yesterday. It has been
forwarded to Head Office, as complaints are dealt with there. (Passive)
o To describe changes
The factory is completely different. The whole place has been modernized
computerized, and a lot of people have been made redundant.
and
o To have scientific writing or lab reports.
The new species of dinosaurs, one a quick-moving meet-eater and the other a giant-planteater, have been discovered in Antarctica. The 70 million years old fossil of the carnivore
would have rested for millenniums at the bottom of the Antarctica sea, while the remains
of the 30 meters long plant-eater were found in the top of mountain.
TENSE
ACTIVE
PASSIVE
SIMPLE PRESENT
Jim plays a toy.
A toy is played by Jim.
SIMPLE PAST
Jim played a toy.
A toy was played by Jim.
SIMPLE FUTURE
Jim will play a toy.
A toy will be played by Jim.
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Jim is playing a toy.
A toy is being played by Jim.
PAST CONTINOUS
Jim was playing a toy.
A toy was being played by Jim.
BE GOING TO
Jim is going to play a toy. A toy is going to be played by Jim.
PRESENT
Jim has played a toy.
A toy has been played by Jim.
PAST PERFECT
Jim had played a toy.
A toy had been played by Jim.
FUTURE PERFECT
Jim will have played a toy. A toy will have been played by Jim.
MODAL
Jim may play a toy.
PRESENT
CONTINOUS
PERFECT
A toy may be played by Jim.
Exercise
A. State whether the sentences below are correct or incorrect.
1. My wedding ring made of yellow and white gold
My wedding ring is made of yellow and white gold
2. Laura was born in Iowa
Laura born in Iowa
3. Most of us are sponsored from our parents
Most of us are sponsored by our parents
4. The car was inspected for customs
The car was inspected by customs
5. Her watch needed repaired
Her watch needed repairing
B. Choose the Correct Answer!
1. If more than five thousand dollars in monetary instruments is transported into the
United States, a report needs ________with the customs office.
a. file
c. file
b. to file
d. to be filed
2. The famous architect, Frank Wright, was greatly _______., who wanted him to
study architecture.
a. influenced by his mother
c. from his mother’s influence
b. his mother influenced him
d. influencing for his mother.
Page 36
3. In the stringed instruments, the toners _______.by planting a bow across a set of
strings that may be made of wire or gut.
a. they produce
c. producing
b. are produced
d. that are producing
4. ________.Java Man, who lived before the first Ice Age, is the first manlike animal.
a. It is generally believed that
c. Generally believed it is
b. Believed generally is
d. That is generally believed
5. Hundreds of houses and other buildings ________ by the raging tropical storms
which later developed into a hurricane.
a. were developing
c. were developed
c. are developing
d. are developed
6. The biology class will _______into two sections to prevent overcrowding in his
classroom.
a. be divided
c. be divide
b. divide
d. be dividing
7. We arrived at the store to purchase the dishwasher which _________ in the local
newspaper.
a. has been advertised
c. have been advertised
b. had been advertised
d. is advertised
8. A great deal of property _______ by hurricanes each year.
a. is destroyed
c. was destroyed
b. destroyed
d. destroy
9. Next week, some new equipment _______ by the company to increase the
production.
a. will be ordered
c. was ordered
b. is ordered
d. ordered
10. These contracts _______ by the manager in the next meeting.
a. should be signed
c. was signed
b. is signed
d. signed
C. Choose the letter of the underlined word that is not correct
1. Work is often measure in units called foot pounds.
A
B
C
D
2. In the ionosphere, gases have been partly ionize for high frequency radiation from
A
B
C
the sun and other sources.
D
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3. Because the interstate highway system linking roads across the country was built
A
B
about thirty-five years ago, most of the roads in the system now need repaired.
C
D
4. It is believe that most of the earthquakes in the world occur near the
A
B
C
D
youngest mountain ranges-----the Himalayas, the Andes, and the Sierra Nevada.
5. With special enzymes that are call restriction enzymes, it is possible to spilt off
A
B
segments of DNA from the donor organism.
C
D
6. All the participants of the seminar have been informing by the committee.
A
B
C
D
7. He is sent an e –mail last week to inform him about the new schedule
A
B
C
D
8. We are suppose to read all of the chapter seven and answer the questions for
A
B
C
tomorrow’s class
D
9. The house were renovated by some workers several weeks ago.
A
B
C
D
10. We should have been informed Janis about the change in plans regarding our
A
B
C
weekend trip to the mountains.
D
Page 38
UNIT 7
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
In all patterns, there must be agreement of subject and verb. Avoid using a verb that agrees
with the modifier of a subject.
USING EXPRESSION OF QUANTITY (BE AS VERB)
SINGULAR VERB
PLURAL VERB
(a) Some of the book is (c) Some of the books are The verb is determined by
good.
good.
the noun (or pronoun) that
(b) A lot of the equipment (d) A lot of my friends are follows of in most
is new.
here.
expressions of quantity.
Notice in (a) and (c)
Some of + singular noun
+ singular verb
Some of + plural noun +
plural verb
(e) One of my friends is
EXCEPTION:
here
one of, each of, every
(f) Each of my friends is
one of take singular
here
verbs.
(g) Every one of my friends
is here
one of, each of, every one
of + plural noun +
singular verb
(h) None of the boys is here (i) None of the boys are Subjects with none of are
here. (informal)
considered singular in very
formal English, but plural
verbs are often used in
informal
speech
and
writing.
((9
COMPARE:
(j) The number of students (k) A number of students In (j) the number is the
in the class is fifteen.
were late for class
subject. In (k) a number
of is an expression of
quantity, meaning “a lot
of.” It is followed by a
plural noun and a plural
verb.
Exercise: State whether the sentences below are correct or incorrect.
1. The facilities at the new research library, including an excellent microfilm file, is
among the best in the country.
The facilities at the new research library, including an excellent microfilm file, are
among the best in the country.
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2. Since the shipment of supplies for our experiments were delayed, we will have to
reschedule our work.
Since the shipment of supplies for our experiments was delayed, we will have to
reschedule our work.
USING MAIN VERB
SINGULAR VERB
(a) The student always
borrows the book.
(b) The book has a good
story.
(c) The child usually sleeps
at 9 am.
PLURAL VERB
(d) The students always
borrow the book.
(e) The books have good
story.
(f) The children usually
sleep at 9 am.
If a main verb is used:
Singular noun + main
verb+ s/es
Plural noun + main verb
(without s/es)
Exercise: State whether the sentences below are correct or incorrect.
1. Several pets, two dogs and a cat, needs to be taken care of while we are gone.
Several pets, two dogs and a cat, need to be taken care of while we are gone.
2. State University, the largest of the state-supported schools, have more than 50,000
students on main campus.
State University, the largest of the state-supported schools, has more than 50,000
students on main campus
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT: SOME IRREGULARIES
SINGULAR VERB
(a) The news is interesting.
(b) Mathematics is easy for her.
Physics is easy for her, too.
(c) Ghosts is the best film I have ever
watched.
(d) The United Nations has its
headquarters in New York City.
(e) Eight hours of sleep is enough.
(f) Ten dollars is too much too pay.
(g) Five thousand miles is too far to
travel.
PLURAL VERB
(h) Those people are from Canada
(i) The police have been called.
Sometimes a noun that ends in –s is singular.
Notice the examples: If the noun is changed to
a pronoun, the singular pronoun it is used (not
the plural pronoun they).
Note: Fields of study, as in (b), that end is -ics
take singular verbs.
Expression of time, money, and distance usually
take a singular verb.
People and police do not end in –s but are
plural nouns and take plural verbs
Page 40
SINGULAR VERB
PLURAL VERB
(j) English is spoken in (l) The English drink tea.
many countries.
(m) The Chinese have an
(k) Chinese is his native
interesting history
language
In (j): English – language
In (l): the English – people
from England
Some nouns of nationality that
end in –sh, -ese, and –ch can
mean either language or people.
E.g. English, Spanish, Chinese,
Japanese,
Vietnamese,
Portuguese, French
(n) The poor have many A few adjectives can be
problems.
preceded by the and used as a
(o) The rich get richer.
plural noun (without final –s) to
refer to people who have this
quality.
Other examples:
the young, the old, the living, the
dead, the blind, the deaf, the
handicapped.
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT: USING THERE + BE
There and here introduce verb-subject order. The verb agrees with the subject following it.
There
There
Verb
Subject
a lot of people in the park.
Verb
Subject
the result of the discussion
Are
Here
Here
Is
Avoid using a verb that does not agree with the subject
EXERCISES
A. State whether the sentences below are correct or incorrect.
1. I think there was ten people in line.
I think there were ten people in line.
2.
There has been very little rain this summer.
There have been very little rain this summer.
B. Choose the correct answer!
1. A group of tissues, each with its own function, ____ in the human body
a. it makes up the organs
c. they make up the organs
b. make up the organs
d. makes up the organs
2. Cupid, one of the ancient Roman gods, ____
a. were a little winged child
b. representing as a little winged child
c. was represented as a little winged child
d. a little winged child
Page 41
3. In a suspension bridge ____ that carry one or more flexible cables firmly attached at
each end.
a. there is two towers on it
c. two towers there are
b. there are two towers
d. towers there are two
4. The Palo Verde tree ____ in spring.
a. has beautiful yellow blossoms
b. beautiful yellow blossoms
c. having beautiful yellow blossoms
d. with beautiful yellow blossoms
5. Nine of every ten people in the world ____in the country in which they were born.
a. living
c. lives
b. they are living
d. live
6. The average temperature of rocks on the surface of the earth ____55 degrees F.
a. be
b. are
c. is
d. been
7. All of the people at the AAME conference are ____
a. mathematic teachers
c. mathematics teacher
b. mathematics teachers
d. mathematic’s teachers
8. Oscillatona, one of the few plants that can move about, ____ a wavy, gliding motion.
a. having
b. has
c. being
d. with
9. In the ocean, ____ more salt in the deeper water.
a. is there
c. there is
b. it may be
d. it is
10. The yearly path of the sun around the heavens ____
a. is known as the ecliptic
c. it is known to be ecliptic
b. known as the ecliptic
d. knowing as the ecliptic
C. Choose the letter of the underlined word that is not correct
1. Columbus, Ohio, the capital of the state, are not only the largest city in Ohio but also a
A
B
C
typical metropolitan area, often used in market research.
D
2. There is about 600 schools in the United States that use the Montessori Method to
A
B
C
encourage individual initiative.
D
3. A thunderhead, dense clouds that rise high in the sky in huge columns, produce hail,
A
B C
D
rain, or snow.
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4. Not one in one hundred children exposed to the disease are likely to develop
A
B C
D
symptoms of it.
5. Both a term paper and a final exam is required for Chemistry 320.
A
B C
D
6. Studies of job satisfaction are unreliable because there is so many variables and because
A
B
C
the admission of dissatisfaction may be viewed as a personal failure.
D
7. The popularity of soccer in the United States were increased significantly by the playing
A
B
C
of the World Cup in cities throughout the country in1994.
D
8. Two of the players from the Yankees has been chosen to participate in the All Star
A
B
C
D
game.
9. The information officer at the bank told his customers that there was several different
A
B
C
D
kinds of checking accounts available.
10. Never before has so many people in the United States been interested in soccer.
A
B
C
D
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Page 43
UNIT 8
PARALLEL STRUCTURE
One use of a conjunction is to connect words or phrases that have the same grammatical
function in a sentence. This use of conjunctions is called parallel structure. The
conjunctions used in this pattern are and, but, or nor.
(a) Steve and his friend are coming to
dinner.
(b) Susan raised her hand and snapped
her fingers.
(c) He is wearing his arms and (is)
shouting at us
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j)
(k)
In (a): noun + and + noun
In (b): verb + and + verb
In (c): verb + and + verb ( The second
auxiliary may be omitted if it is the same
as the first auxiliary
These shoes are old but comfortable
In (d): adjective + but + adjective
He wants to watch TV or (to) listen In (e): infinitive + or + infinitive (the
to some music
second to may be omitted)
They must put the book on the table In (f): phrase or phrase
or the chair
We know where he went and what he In (g) clause + and + clause
did
In (h): both ……..and ………….
Both my brother and my sister are
doctors
In (i): neither ………nor …………
Neither Paul nor Linda lives in New
York
In (j): either …………..or ……………
You can either sit there or wait here
In (k): not only ……….but also ……….
Jane went to the post office not
only to buy stamps but also to send
letters.
(l) Steve, Joe, and Alice are coming to
dinner
(m) Susan raised her hand, snapped her
fingers, and asked a question.
(n) The colors in that fabric are red, gold,
black, and green.
A parallel structure may contain more
than two parts. In a series, commas are
used to separate each unit. The final
comma that precedes the conjunction is
optional but is customarily used. (No
commas are used if there are only parts to
a parallel structure).
Exercises
A. State whether the sentences below are correct or incorrect.
1. We learned to read the passage carefully and underlying the main idea.
We learned to read the passage carefully and to underline the main idea.
2. She is not only famous in the United States, but also abroad.
She is famous not only in the United States, but also abroad.
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Page 44
B. Choose the correct answer
1. In a hot, sunny climate, acclimatizes by eating less, drinking more liquids, wearing lighter
clothing, and ________
a skin changes that darken
c. his skin may darken
b experiencing a darkening of the skin
d darkens his skin
2. Both historically and _______, Ontario is the heartland of Canada
a. in its geography
c. also its geography
b. geographically
d. geography
3. He knows where she lives and ________
a. what she does
b. her address
c. she does
d. her job
4. Peter is not reading a novel but ________
a. to wait her
b. writing a letter
c. type a report
d. wash his car
5. A vacuum will neither conduct heat nor ________.
a. transmit sound waves
c. sound waves are transmitted
b. transmitting sound waves
d. the transmission of sound waves
6. North Carolina is well known not only for the Great Smoky Mountains National Park
________.for the Cherokee Indian settlements.
a. also
c. but also
c. and
d. because of
7. To generate income, magazine publishers must decide whether to increase the
subscription price or ________.
a. to sell advertising
c. selling advertising
b. if they should sell advertising
d. sold advertising
8. When teenagers finish high school, they have several choices: going to college, getting a
job, or ___________.
a. joining the army
c. joins the army
b. to join the army
d. join the army
9. Collecting stamps, playing chess, and _______ beautiful butterflies are Derrick’s
hobbies.
a. to mount
c. mounting
b. mounts
d. mount
10. The chief of police demanded from his assistants an orderly investigation, a well-written
report, and _______
a. that they work hard
c. working hard
b. hard work
d. work hard
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Page 45
C. Choose the letter of the underlined word that is not correct
1. The essay which Paul wrote is rather short but impressively.
A
B
C
D
2. They want to know where she went and did two days ago.
A
B
C
D
3. My friend is interested not in books but in watching films.
A
B
C
D
4. I think they can explain clearly neither when they go nor they do.
A
B
C
D
5. The books and the magazine might be the bag or under the chair.
A
B
C
D
6. Both Linda or Mary usually go to the cinema on Saturdays.
A
B
C
D
7. Either Elisa nor Eriana really wanted to see them last week.
A
B
C
D
8. They can go there either at the end of July or they can go there at the end of August.
A
B
C
D
9. The aims of the Common Market are to eliminate tariffs member countries; developing
A
common policies for agriculture, labor, welfare, trade, and transportation; and to
B
C
abolish trust and cartels.
D
10. The puppy stood up slowly, wagged its tail, blinking its eyes, and barked
A
B
C
D
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Page 46
UNIT 9
COMPARATIVES
1. exact comparison
The same as and the same have the same meaning, but the same as is used between
the two nouns compared, and the same is used after the two nouns or a plural noun.
noun
This coat
noun
This coat
The same as
the same as
Is
Noun
that one
and
Noun (plural)
These coats
Noun
that one
the same
the same
Are
the same
Are
the same
Avoid using like instead of as. Avoid using the same between the two nouns compared.
2. general similarity and general difference
The words like and alike have the same meaning, but like is used between the two
nouns compared, and alike is used after the two nouns or a plural noun. And avoid
using as instead of like and avoid using like after the two nouns compared.
noun
This coat
noun
This coat
Be
noun
that one
like
be
noun
that one
and
noun (plural)
These coats
noun
This coat
like
Is
alike
are
alike
be
alike
Are
alike
Be
different from
different from
Is
noun
that one
3. comparative estimate
subject +verb
multiple
Fresh
fruit twice
costs
We have
half
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as
as
many/ many
as
much
as
noun/clause
canned fruit
as
many
we need
as
Page 47
subject +verb
Steve has
more (less) than
more than
number
a thousand
noun/clause
Coins
in
his
collections
subject/verb
We should have
as many as
as many as
number
five hundred
noun
applications
4. degrees of comparison
subject + Verb
An essay test is
more(less) adjective (two
syllables)
adjectives-er (one syllables)
adjective –er (two syllables
ending in –y)
more difficult
harder
easier
subject +verb
An essay test is
The
than
than
noun
an objective test
most(least) adjective(two syllables
adjectives –est (one syllables)
The
most difficult
hardest
5. double comparison
the
The
comparative
S
hotter
it
V
Is
the
the
comparative
the more miserable
S
I
Exercise:
A. State whether the sentences below are correct or incorrect.
1. The car is almost the same like mine
2. The watch in the window is a little different than this one.
3. This one is better, but it costs three times as much as the other one.
4. This field is larger than the other one.
5. She is most prettiest of all the girls in our class.
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V
feel
Page 48
B. Choose the correct answer!
1. Although we often use “speed” and “velocity” interchangeably, in technical sense,
“speed” is not always _______”velocity”
c. alike
c. the same as
d. similar
d. as
2. Although they are smaller, chipmunks are_______ most other ground squirrels.
a. like to
c. like with
b. like as
d. like
3. A nursery school is ______ a day care center.
a. different from
c. different than
b. different
d. different as
4. The rent at College Apartment is only half ________ you pay here.
a. than
c. as many as
b. as much as
d. from
5. The main library has_______ one millions volumes.
a. more as
c. more than
b. most than
d. least than
6. There are ______fifteen thousand students attending summer school.
a. as many as
c. as many
b. as much as
d. as much
7. The bill which we received was________ than the estimate.
a. more higher
c. higher
b. the higher
d. more higher
8. The Disney amusement park in Japan is _______Florida or California.
a. the largest than the ones in
c. larger than the ones in
b. larger the ones in
d. the largest of the ones
9. The greater the demand, _______the price.
a. higher
c. high
b. the higher
d. the high
10. The teacher gave Mike a failing grade on her term paper because it was______
Ardian’s.
a. the same as
c. the same with
b. same like
d. the same with
C. Choose the letter of the underlined word that is not correct
1. When two products are basically the same as, advertising can influence the public’s
A
B
C
D
choice.
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Page 49
2. The first living structure to appear on earth thousands of years ago were alike
A
B
C
D
viruses.
3. Although business practices have been applied successfully to agriculture, farming
A
B
C
is different other industries.
D
4. With American prices for sugar at three times as much the world price,
A
manufacturers are beginning to use fructose blended with pure sugar, or sucrose.
B
C
D
5. It is generally accepted that the common cold is caused by as much as forty strains
A
B
C
of viruses that may be present in the air at all times.
D
6. The diesel engine that runs on oil is efficient than most other engines because it
A
B
C
converts the useful energy stored up in the fuel.
D
7. The books for my engineering course are expensive than the books for my other
A
B
C
courses.
D
8. The more important theorem of all in plane geometry is the Pythagorean Theorem.
A
B
C D
9. Although there are a number of interesting findings, a most significant results are in
A
B
C
D
the abstract.
10. The climate here is more milder than that of New England.
A
B
C
D
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Page 50
UNIT 10
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
1. REAL CONDITIONS (POSSIBLY TRUE)
FUTURE TIME → type 1
If + subject + simple present tense ….+ will + (verb in simple form)
can
Example
1. If I have enough time, I will write to my parents every week
2. If she has the money, she will buy a new car.
2. UNREAL CONDITIONS (NOT TRUE)
PRESENT OR FUTURE TIME → type 2
If + subject + simple past tense ….+ would + (verb in simple form)
could
Example
1. If I had the time, I would go to the beach with you this weekend.
Fact: ( I don’t have the time) (I’m not going to the beach with you)
2. He would tell you about it if he were here.
Fact: (He won’t tell you about it.) (He’s not here)
3. If he didn’t speak so quickly, you could understand him.
Fact: (He speaks very quickly.) ( You can’t understand him).
PAST TIME → type 3
If + subject + past perfect ….+ would + have + (verb in past participle)
could
Example
1. If we had known that you were there, we would have written you a letter.
Fact: (We didn’t know that you were there.) (We didn’t write you a letter.)
2. She would have sold the house if she had found the right buyer.
Fact: (She didn’t sell the house.) (She didn’t find the right buyer.)
3. If we hadn’t lost our way, we would have arrived sooner.
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Page 51
Fact: (We lost our way) (We didn’t arrive sooner)
Exercises
A. State whether the sentences below are correct or incorrect.
1. a. If water freezes, it has become a solid
b. If water freezes, it becomes a solid
2. a. If children are healthy, they learn to walk at about eighteen months old.
b. If children be healthy, they learn to walk at about eighteen months old.
3. a. We will wait if you wanted to go
b. We will wait if you want to go
4. a. If you made your bed in the morning, your room looks better when you got back
in the afternoon
b. If you made your bed in the morning, your room would look better when you
got back in the afternoon
5. a. If we had had the money, we would have bought a new stereo system
b. If we had the money, we would have bought a new stereo system
B. Choose the Correct Answer!
1. If water is heated to 212 degrees F ______as team
a. it will boil and escape
c. it is boiling and escaping
b. it boils and escape
d. it would boil and escape
2. If services are increased, taxes________
a. will probably go up
b. probably go up
c. probably go up
d. going up probably
3. If American are fewer foods with sugar and salt, their general health ______better
a. be
c. is
b. will be
d. would be
4. According to some historians, if Napoleon had not invaded Russia, he ______the
rest of Europe.
a. had conquered
c. would conquer
b. would have conquered
d. conquered
5. If humans were deprived of sleep, they _______.hallucinations, anxiety, coma, and
eventually death.
a. would experience
c. would have experienced
b. experience
d. had experienced
6. If footballs teams play in the Superbowl Championship, ______ either the National
or the American Conference
a. they win
c. they won
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b. they will win
d. they have won
7. If I had known her address, I _____her.
a. could see
b. would visit
c. would have visited
d. will visit
8. If I were Jane, I ______leave the man
a. am
b. would
c. have
d. will
9. If I have time, I ______visit you.
a. would
b. will
c. would have
d. would be
10. If you _______ the plant in a cooler location, the leaves would not have burned.
a. had set
c. has set
b. have set
d. set
C. Choose the letter of the underlined word that is not correct
1. Boys can become Cub Scouts if they completed the second grade
A
B
C
D
2. If dinosaurs would have continued roaming the earth, man would have evolved quite
A
B
C
differently.
D
3. If we were to consider all of the different kinds of motion in discussing the
A
movement of an object, it is very confusing, because even an object at rest is
B
C
moving as the earth turns.
D
4. If drivers obeyed the speed limit, fewer accidents occur.
A
B
C
D
5. If you sat in that position for too long, you may get a cramp in your leg.
A
B
C
D
6. If you don’t register before the last day of regular registration, you paying a late fee.
A
B
C
D
7. If you start doing it now, you might finished it in time.
A
B
C
D
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8. We would have bought a new car if we have had a lot of money
A
B
C
D
9. If biennials were planted this year, they will be likely to bloom next year.
A
B
C
D
10. If Monique had not attended the conference, she never would meet her old friend
A
B
Dan, whom she had not seen in years.
C
D
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UNIT 11
ANTICIPATORY IT
It is believed
It is hypothesized
It is known
It is said
It +be+V 3
It is believed
It is thought
It is true
It is written
that
that
Subject
all mammals
Verb
experience
Noun
dreams
Avoid using an –ing form, a noun, or an infinitive instead of a subject and verb after an
anticipatory it clause.
EXERCISES
A. State whether the sentences below are correct or incorrect.
1. It is thought that our ancestors building this city
It is thought that our ancestors built this city
2. It is believed that a horseshoe brings good luck
It is believed that a horseshoe bringing good luck
3. It is hypothesized that the subjects in the control group will not score as well.
It is hypothesized that the subjects in the control group not to score as well.
4. It is said that a buried treasure near here
It is said that a buried treasure was hidden near here
B. Choose the correct answer!
1. _____.Giant Ape Man, or biggest and probably one of our first human ancestors, was
just about the size of a male gorilla.
a. It is believed that
c. That is believed
b. That it is
d. That believing
2. _______the formation of the Sun, the planets, and other stars began with the
condensation of an interstellar cloud.
a. It is accepted that
c. It is accepted
b. Accepted
d. That is accepted
3. It is now known that Saturn _______not the only planet in our solar system with rings
a. which
b. be
c. so
d. is
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4. ________Java Man, who lived before the first Ice Age, is the first manlike animal.
a. It is generally believed that
b. Generally believed it is
c. Believed generally is
d. That is generally believed
C. Choose the incorrect word or phrase.
That it is believed that most of the earthquakes in the world occur near the youngest
A
B
C
D
mountain ranges-the Himalayas, the Andes, and the Sierra Nevadas.
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UNIT 12
CONJUNCTIONS
Because of is a prepositional phrase, it introduces a noun or a noun phrase.
Because is a conjunction, it introduces a clause with a subject and a verb..
Clause
They decided to stay at home
Because
because
Subject
the weather
Verb
was bad
Subject
the weather
Verb
was bad
or
Clause
They decided to stay at home
Because of
because of
Avoid using because of before a subject and verb. Avoid using because before a noun
which is not followed by a verb.
Despite and in spite of have the same meaning. They introduce a contradiction in a
sentence or clause- and- result.
Despite
Despite
noun
his denial
Clause
we knew that he was guilty
or
In spite of
In spite of
noun
his denial
Clause
we knew that he was guilty
Avoid using of with despite. Avoid omitting of after in spite
Exercises
A. State whether the sentences below are correct or incorrect.
1. A. Classes will be cancelled tomorrow because a national holiday.
B. Classes will be cancelled tomorrow because of a national holiday.
2. A. she was absent because of her cold was worse
B. she was absent because her cold was worse
3. A. John’s family is very happy because his being awarded a scholarship
B. John’s family is very happy because of his being awarded a scholarship
4. A. She didn’t buy it because of the price was too high
B. She didn’t buy it because the price was too high
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5. A. It was difficult to see the road clearly because the rain.
B. It was difficult to see the road clearly because of the rain.
6. A. Despite of the light rain, the baseball game was not cancelled.
B. Despite the light rain, the baseball game was not cancelled.
7. A. Dick and Sarah are still planning to get married despite of their disagreement.
B. Dick and Sarah are still planning to get married despite their disagreement.
B. Choose the correct answer.
1. …………………..in the cultivation of a forest, trees, need more than careful
planning than any other crop does.
a. Because the time and area involved
b. For the time and area involving
c. Because of the time and area involved
d. As a cause of the time and area involved
2. ……………..under Chief Tecumseh, the Shawnees lost most of their lands to
whites and were moved into territories.
a. despite of resistance
c. although resistance
b. in spite of resistance
d. in spite resistance
3. ………..his good performance as a student, he is always nervous when doing
exams.
a. unless
c. despite
b. even though
d. although
C.
Choose the incorrect word or phrase.
1. Many roads and railroads were built in the 1880s because of the industrial
S
B
C
cities needed a network to link them with sources of supply.
D
2. Despite of the Taft-Hartley Act which forbids unfair union practices some unions
A
B
such as the air traffic controllers have voted to strike even though this action
C
D
might endanger the national security.
3. Despite of the fact that backgammon is easy to learn, it is as difficult to play
A
B
C
as chess.
D
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KUNCI STRUCTURE
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
B.
1. D
6. C
2. C
7. B
3. B
8. B
4. A
9. C
5. D
10.A
C.
1. A
2. A
3. D
4. B
5. B
6. A
7. A
8. B
9. D
10.A
REFLEXIVE AND EMPHATIC PRONOUNS
B.
C.
1. C
6. B
1. D
2. D
7. A
2. A
3. D
8. A
3. C
4. A
9. C
4. D
5. A
10.A
5. B
6. C
7. D
8. C
9. ?
10.B
TENSE
B.
1. D
2. A
3. B
4. C
5. D
6. B
7. A
8. D
9. A
10.A
C.
1. B
2. D
3. B
4. C
5. B
6. A
7. A
8. D
9. B
10.B
PARALLEL STRUCTURE
B.
1. B
6. C
2. B
7. A
3. A
8. A
4. B
9. C
5. A
10.B
C.
1. D
2. C
3. C
4. D
5. C
6. A
7. A
8. C
9. C
10.C
COMPARATIVES
B.
1. C
2. D
3. A
4. B
5. C
C.
1. B
2. D
3. D
4. A
5. C
6. B
7. B
8. A
9. C
10.C
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6. A
7. C
8. C
9. B
10.A
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MODAL AUXILIARIES
B.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
D
A
C
A
A
6. C
7. A
8. C
9. A
10.A
C.
1. D
2. A
3. D
4. C
5. A
6. B
7. C
8. B
9. C
10.C
6. A
7. B
8. A
9. A
10.A
C.
1. C
2. B
3. D
4. A
5. A
6. C
7. A
8. A
9. A
10.A
PASSIVE
B.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
D
A
B
A
C
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
B.
1. A
6. B
2. A
7. C
3. B
8. B
4. B
9. B
5. A
10.A
C.
1. C
2. A
3. B
4. D
5. A
6. C
7. D
8. C
9. A
10.B
CAUSATIVE VERBS
B.
1. A
2. C
3. A
4. A
5. B
A
A
D
A
A
C.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
A
A
A
C
C
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
C
B
D
C
B
A
C
A
C
C
C.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
A
D
B
C
C
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
B
A
A
B
B
B.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
SUBJUNCTIVE
B
D
A
C
A
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
ANTICIPATORY IT
1. A
2. A
3. D
4. A
1.
A
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CONJUNCTIONS
1. C
2. B
3. C
1.
2.
3.
C
A
A
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