Download Chapter 9 Study Guide Key

Chapter 9 Study Guide Key
7th Grade World History
Vocabulary
 Cavalry – a unit of soldiers who ride horses. The Persian
empire was known for their use of cavalry, helping to make
them so victorious in battle
 Hellenistic – Greek-like - when a cultural idea is heavily
influenced by Greek ideas (Example – cities of Alexandria
created by Alexander.)
 Alliance – agreement to work together – as in the Persian
Wars
Vocabulary
 Phalanx – A square fighting formation – commonly used by
Alexander & Sparta
 Satraps – governors in the Persian empire
 Helots – Slaves in Sparta – made up majority of population &
heavily relied upon
 Parthenon – Great temple in Athens dedicated to the goddess
Athena. Commissioned by Pericles after the Persian Wars.
People to Know
 Cyrus the Great – Rebelled against the Medes to
create the Persian Empire. Known for letting
others keep their customs to help prevent
rebellions
 Darius I – Leader of the Persians when Greek
mainland city-states sent help to the Ionian citystates. Leader during the Battle of Marathon
People to Know
 Xerxes I – the son of Darius. Was the leader of the
Persian Wars during the battles of Thermopylae,
Salamis & Plataea. Set up his golden throne to watch
the Battle of Salamis – which he lost, forcing him to
retreat to Persia
 Philip of Macedonia – Father of Alexander the Great.
Conquered the Greek city-states.
 Alexander the Great – Macedonian King – came to
power after his father was murdered. Helped to
create the largest empire in the world at that point.
Never lost a battle. Died at age 32 from malaria.
People to Know
 Plato – a student of Socrates. He was a philosopher –
his student is Aristotle (the teacher of Alexander the
great.)
 Socrates – one of the best known philosophers –
believed people must never stop thinking. Later is
sentenced in Athens to death for “questioning the
Gods?
 Euclid – Created many geography rules still in use
today
Battles of the Persian Wars
 Battle of Marathon –
 490 BCE
 Cause - Persians want revenge for city-states helping
the rebelling Ionian Greeks.
 Athens asks Sparta for help – they said no due to a
religious festival
 Athens out numbered 2 to 1
 Due to better weapons & plans – Athens wins!
 Effect – Greeks feel pride & Persians will want
revenge
Battles of the Persian Wars
 Battle of Thermopylae –
 Cause - Persians are seeking revenge for Battle of
Marathon
 Led by Xerxes – brings at least 250,000 men
 This is led by the Spartans – hold them off at the
narrow pass – until a traitor tells them away around
the mountains
 Spartans fight to their death
 Persians win
 Effect – Spartans march to Athens & burn it down
& Greeks are motivated to fight back
Battles of the Persian Wars
 Battle of Salamis –
 Athenians had earlier built up their Navy
 Athenian Themistocles wants to fight in the narrow
straights
 Tricks Xerxes into battle
 Xerxes sets up gold throne to watch
 Little Athenian ships destroy the large Persian ships
because the large ships can’t maneuver
 Win for Greece!
 Effect - Xerxes must return to Persia
Battles of the Persian Wars
 Battle of Plataea
 Fought by a united Greek front and left over
Persians
 Greece Wins!
 Effects
 This ends the Persian Wars
 Defeat humiliating for Persians, but not a major
loss
 Greeks save their homeland!
Short Answer
1. Medes
2. He is upset because the mainland Greeks helped out
3.
4.
5.
6.
the revolting Ionian Greeks.
Darius and Xerxes were both Persian leaders that
fought against the Greek city-states.
60 years old
Spartan life revolved around the military.
Everything that was done, was done for the good of
the “state.” Focus was on obedience and structure.
Men had many more rights then women. More
emphasis was placed on a “well rounded” education
– for boys. Military service for 2 years.
Short Answer
8. His men refused to go on – they had to turn back around
and head back home
9. He died of malaria – a disease commonly from a mosquito
10. After Alexander died he left his empire to “the strongest”
It was split between 3 top generals
1. So many of Greek achievements are important because they
are so long lasting and influence our art, architecture,
philosophy, and government. (Western World)