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Name: ______________________________________________________ Date: ____ Period: ________ NOTES Notes: Population Dynamics What is an • Ecosystems are _____________ systems that include both biological communities (___________ ecosystem? factors) and physical components (____________ factors). • Organisms ____________ with both other __________ (biotic) and _____________ (abiotic) factors in the environment. • Structure: Organisms of the __________ species form __________________, different populations interact to form __________________, communities live within an ______________, and all of the ecosystems on Earth make up the __________ How do • Ecosystems are ____________, meaning they ___________ over time. Changes in any __________ ecosystems or abiotic factor can lead to shifts in _____ of an ecosystem’s populations. change? • ____________________: the ____________ of species found in an ecosystem (can be terrestrial— land—or ____________—ocean ecosystem). Often used to tell how _____________ an ecosystem is. What is • ________________: a group of organisms of the _________ species that live in a particular ________ population • Population Dynamics: the study of why populations ___________ and what ________ them to change dynamics? • Populations go through __________ stages – _____________: population size is _________________ – _____________: population size is constant (the _________) – Decline: population size is _________________ • _____________________________: the _________________ number of individuals an ecosystem can _____________ What four • ____________ characteristics define a population characteristics – Population _________: number of individuals in a population at a given ______ define a – Population _____________: measure of the ____________ of individuals in a certain population? _____________ at a particular time – Population ____________: clumped (organisms form ____________ within a habitat—gather around ____________), uniform (organisms live at a ________ from each other—become __________ spaced; think of trees in a forest), _____________ (live no matter where ____________ individuals are living) – _________ Structure: postreproductive (organisms can no longer reproduce—too ________), reproductive (organisms are _____________ of reproduction), prereproductive (organisms ____________ capable of reproduction—too young) How do • Scientists can predict population ____________ based on those four characteristics populations • Population growth is ______________. 4 types of ______________ with population dynamics: change? – _________________ – __________________: the movement of individuals ______ a population – ___________ – _________________: the movement of individuals _____ of a population • Population ____________= birth and immigration are __________ • Population _____________ = death and emigration are ____________ • ALL populations will eventually stop ______________! – habitats can only ______________ so many organisms What are • _____________ factor: a factor that ______________ the continuing ____________ of a population limiting – Ex: Abiotic factors (_______________ things like air, light, and __________) and biotic factors? factors (other __________________—competition, predation, etc.) – ___________-dependent factor: a limiting factor that affects a population when density is ___________ (___________ population) • Ex: competition, ____________, _______________, parasitism • have a huge effect on population as it grows – _____________-independent factor: a limiting factor that affects the population regardless of ___________; mostly ____________ factors • Ex. Fire, tornado, drought, temperature, __________________ – Limiting factors affect _________ populations What’s the • Abiotic factors: _____________ things in an ecosystem; may be chemical or ________ difference – Ex: ____________, oxygen, salinity, temperature, ____________, rain between biotic • Biotic factors: all __________ components of an ecosystem. and abiotic – Ex: _____________, fungi, plants, _____________ factors? • A ___________ in a biotic or abiotic factor may ___________ the size of a population if it cannot __________ to the change or _________ the environment. A change may ___________ the size of a population if the change enhances its ability to __________ and reproduce. How do • Organisms in an ecosystem constantly ____________. These interactions increase or limit the organisms ________ of populations, maintaining the balance between available __________ and those who interact? consume them, generating __________ in the ecosystem. A stable ecosystem is one where: – The ______________ numbers of each organism change at a predictable _____ – The supply of _____________ in the physical environment fluctuates at a predictable ______ – ___________ flows through the ecosystem at a fairly _________ rate over time • These fluctuations in populations and resources ultimately result in a ____________ ecosystem. • Organisms interact through ______________, competition, and _______________ relationships. • Predation: an interaction between ____________ in which one species (the predator) __________ the other (the ___________). – This interaction helps ___________ the population within an ecosystem, producing stability. Changes in predator-prey populations are _______________, because at some point, ________ becomes so numerous that they are ________ to find. – A graph of predator-prey density over time shows the cycle of fluctuations (_____). • As the prey population ___________, the predator population ____________ • As the predator population ____________, the prey population ___________ Draw and label the graph: • What is predation? What is competition? • • • • What is a symbiotic relationship? What is parasitism? • • • • • What is mutualism? • What is • commensalism? What are reproduction strategies? • What about human populations? In any ecosystem, organisms and populations with ___________ requirements for food, __________, oxygen, or other _____________ may _____________ with each other for _____________ resources. ________________: a relationship that occurs when two or more organisms need the same ____________ at the same _________. Competition can be among the members of the _______ or different species and usually occurs with organisms that ___________ the same niche. _________: the ________ of an organism in its environment including type of food it _______, how it ___________ its food, and how it ___________ with other organisms. Two species with identical ecological ___________ cannot coexist in the same habitat. – Competition usually results in a ______________ in the population of a species less adapted to compete for a particular ______________. A symbiotic relationship exists between organisms of two _____________ species that live together in direct _____________. If one or the other symbiotic organisms changes, both organisms are ____________ and fall out of ________________. Symbiotic relationships include _______________, _____________, and commensalism. Parasitism: a symbiotic relationship in which one organism (the ____________) _____________ at the expense of the other organism (the _________). – Some parasites live ________ the host, like tapeworms, ___________, or bacteria – Some parasites live on the ____________ of the host, like ________ and ticks. Parasites ________ the host, but do not usually ______ the host. Parasitism that results in the rapid death of the host is ______ for both the host and the parasite. The parasite needs the host to _______ long enough for the parasite to ______________ and spread. Mutualism: a symbiotic relationship in which ________ organisms benefit. Because the two organisms work closely together, they help each other ___________. – Ex: bacteria that have the ability to ________ wood live in the digestive tracts of __________ Commensalism: a symbiotic relationship in which one organism ____________, but the other is _________ affected. – Ex: scavenger birds eating the remains of an organism that was left behind after a ________________ finished eating. _________________ is necessary for the survival of a species. – __________________: species that reproduce _________ if their population falls below carrying capacity. Produce ________ of offspring that develop rapidly (_________, dandelions, etc.) – Competitors: species with adaptations that allow them to remain at or near their __________ capacity for long periods of time. Produce _______ offspring, and they take longer to ________, but more _______ to adulthood (wolves, elephants, etc.) _________ key factors increased Earth’s carrying capacity for humans: habitat ____________________ and __________________ – First humans lived in Africa; over time, they spread over the ___________ planet – Humans can live in many different _______________ (habitats) thanks to technology—a/c, ____________, shelter, etc. – Until about _______ years ago, human population grew __________; because of ___________, resources, etc., many people ________ before adulthood—births and deaths were ___________ Human population ___________ affects the environment: introduction of new ___________ (accidental or intentional—harms native ecosystem), ___________, and overfishing. Questions: 1. What is the difference between a biotic factor and an abiotic factor? How are they similar? 2. What characteristics do we use to define a population? 3. What are limiting factors? 4. What are the 3 main ways organisms can interact? 5. What are the 3 types of symbiotic relationships? 6. A population of alligators live near the coastline. The population started with 10 alligators. Over time, 5 alligators were born, 2 alligators died off, 8 alligators immigrated, and 4 alligators emigrated. What is the population size now? _________________ 7. A gust of wind blows 100 dandelion seeds into a neighboring area that already has 415 dandelions. If 35 of those seeds develop into dandelions, and 70 of the original dandelions die out, how many dandelions are in the population? _________________ 8. Every month in the United States, approximately 20,000 people immigrate; 5,000 people emigrate; 150,000 babies are born; 45,000 people die. a. What is the total population change over the month? ______________________ b. At the end of June, the US population was approximately 300,000,000. By the end of July, what is the approximate population? _____________________________ c. At the end of June, the US population was approximately 300,000,000. By the end of the year, what is the approximate population? ___________________________ Questions: 1. What is the difference between a biotic factor and an abiotic factor? How are they similar? 2. What characteristics do we use to define a population? 3. What are limiting factors? 4. What are the 3 main ways organisms can interact? 5. What are the 3 types of symbiotic relationships? 6. A population of alligators live near the coastline. The population started with 10 alligators. Over time, 5 alligators were born, 2 alligators died off, 8 alligators immigrated, and 4 alligators emigrated. What is the population size now? _________________ 7. A gust of wind blows 100 dandelion seeds into a neighboring area that already has 415 dandelions. If 35 of those seeds develop into dandelions, and 70 of the original dandelions die out, how many dandelions are in the population? _________________ 8. Every month in the United States, approximately 20,000 people immigrate; 5,000 people emigrate; 150,000 babies are born; 45,000 people die. a. What is the total population change over the month? ______________________ b. At the end of June, the US population was approximately 300,000,000. By the end of July, what is the approximate population? _____________________________ c. At the end of June, the US population was approximately 300,000,000. By the end of the year, what is the approximate population? ___________________________