Download History of Middle East Notes

Muslim Civilization
I.
II.
The Origins of Islam
A. The Arabian Peninsula
1. Arabia was ______________ populated 1,500 years ago. Small
bands of _______________ moved their herds between scattered
oases in the desert.
2. ________________ limited; ________________ lively - Trade
routes converged at Arabian Peninsula, ____________ as well as
merchandise exchanged. ______________ most important
coastal town.
3. Religious function of Mecca: The _____________, cube-shaped
structure, at heart of Mecca; one god considered supreme: _____.
B. Muhammad the Messenger
1. Muhammad ibn Abd Allah born 570; grew up to have successful
career in Mecca as _________________ - met followers of
Judaism, ____________________ while traveling on business.
2. Had always been __________________ man, but ____________
of others probably also influenced Muhammad’s thinking.
3. Angel appeared to him during retreat, commanded him to speak
messages from ____________. After more visits from angel,
Muhammad concluded God had chosen him to be ___________.
C. Sharing the Revelations
1. 622, Muhammad moved to Yathrib, came to be called Medina,
“the Prophet’s City”; journey from Mecca to Medina came to be
known as ________________.
2. Muhammad spent _____________ building community of fellow
believers. Called faith ___________, meaning “achieving peace
through submission to God” - followers known as ___________.
3. People of Mecca who wanted Muhammad _______________ did
not give up - 630, Muhammad ___________________ Mecca,
influence unmatched.
D. Basic Ideas of Islam
1. As Muhammad gained political power, ____________________
continued - Muhammad could not read, write; _______________
revelations. Followers wrote down revelations.
2. Writings Muslims believe as direct revelations from God
collected in _______________, sacred test of Islam.
3. Five basic acts of worship central to Islam, _________________
- profession of faith, performance of five daily prayers, giving of
alms to poor, needy, fasting during month of Ramadan, and make
pilgrimage to Mecca.
The Spread of Islam
A. Main Idea
1. After Muhammad’s ____________, Islam spread beyond the
Arabian Peninsula, shaping a major empire within ______ years.
B.
C.
D.
E.
While the empire eventually broke into smaller parts, Islam
continued to _____________.
Islam after Muhammad’s Death
1. The death of Muhammad in ________ presented a challenge for
the Muslim community. Who would lead the group and keep it
______________? The answer affected the faith’s spread and its
______________.
2. Muhammad had not named successor - ____________________,
close companion, early convert, chosen leader, called ________,
“successor”
3. Abu Bakr focused on bringing back _________________ tribes,
built strong Arab fighting forces to keep tribes under _________
- reunified Arabia, led forces north.
4. Abu Bakr, successor Umar, expanded Muslim rule rapidly - 661,
___________________ stretched from northern Africa in west to
Persia in East.
Civil War
1. Deep conflict within Muslim leadership, began with choice of
Abu Bakr, caliph. Some supported Muhammad’s cousin, _____.
2. 644, Ali lost to Uthman, supported by powerful Mecca clan
___________________ - Ali became caliph, but troubles had
just begun.
3. __________________ broke out between Ali’s forces, Umayyad;
Ali killed, Umayyad retook control.
4. Most Muslims accepted Umayyad caliph, Mu’awiya - called
__________, “followers of the Sunna,” or “way of the Prophet.”
5. Ali’s supporters refused to go along with Umayyads - became
known as the __________, “party of Ali”.
6. Shia believed God had specially blessed Ali’s _______________
- Muhammad’s true ___________. Shia called each of Ali’s
successors ____________ - only imams can ________________
the Qur’an.
The Umayyad Dynasty
1. Under the Umayyad caliphs, Muslim rule spread. ____________
problems weakened the Umayyads, though, and led to their fall.
2. Had many achievements - conquests spread Muslim faith, while
allowing ______________________________ for People of the
Book; some restrictions, taxes for Non-Muslims.
3. __________________, led by descendant of Muhammad’s uncle,
united many Umayyad opponents by appearing to support their
causes - wiped out Umayyads in series of battles, late ________.
Caliphate entered Abbasid ________________.
The Abbasid Dynasty
1. Abbasids relocated capital of caliphate; rulers lived in ________.
III.
2. Move to Baghdad beginning of _________ of ___________
domination of Muslim world - Abbasids adopted ____________
style of government.
3. Rulers cut off from _____________ - used Persian officials;
___________, deputy, oversaw affairs of state
4. Support of _____________________ helped produce lasting
achievements of Islamic arts, sciences.
5. Nature of Islam changed - Abbasids _______________ all to join
in, turned Islam into __________________ religion, attracted
people of many cultures - Islam spread through ___________.
F. The End of Unity
1. As early as the ________, Abbasid ________________ power
weakened. By the ________, a number of small, independent
states broke away from the caliphate.
2. Challenges from Europe: Christian armies began to drive
Muslims out of ___________, 1000s; European Christians began
_________________.
3. Problems from Egypt: 969, serious threat, _________________
dynasty established in Egypt.
G. Seljuk Turks and Others
1. Many non-Arabs among peoples of caliphate, including _______
- 1055, Turkish ______________ rose to power, took control of
________________. Seljuks defended Abbasids against
Fatimids, defeated ___________________ at Battle of Manzikert
- would go on to create own empire.
2. ________, ______________ destroyed Baghdad, killed Abbasid
caliph; caliphate finished - __________ still a vital force, spread
to India, Central and Southeast Asia.
Society and Culture
A. Muslim Scholarship
1. For the first Muslims, Islam was more than a _______________.
It was a guide to political, social and cultural life. The early
Muslims responded with spectacular achievement in many fields.
2. Learning added to Muslim cultural ___________. Scholars made
________________ contributions in several fields. Many later
________________ intellectual achievements grew out of the
work of Muslim scholars.
3. Through _____________________ from Greek, texts from
Hippocrates, Euclid, Galen, Ptolemy made available to new
audiences.
4. Muslim scholars made significant contributions in the following
fields: astronomy (______________ and astrolabe), mathematics
(____________ and trigonometry), medicine, geography, history,
arts, literature (calligraphy, ____________, Arabian Nights), and
architecture.