Download Cell division, development and disease control

OCR AS/A Level Biology B (H022/422)
Module 3 Topic Test – Cell Division, Development and Disease Control
1
Carcinogen W can cause changes in tumour suppressor genes, X. This can lead to
uncontrolled cell division and the formation of a tumour which may spread to other
parts of the body forming Y.
Which of the following responses correctly identifies W, X, and Y?
W
X
A
Nicotine
Ras
mutations
B
Asbestos
P53
metastases
C
Tar
Ras
metastases
D
Benzopyrene
P53
mutations
Your answer
2
Y
[1]
DNA barcodes are genetic sequences that allow organisms to be identified. The DNA
sequence of cytochrome c oxidase I is a common DNA barcode.
Which property of cytochrome c oxidase I makes it suitable for use as a DNA barcode?
A
location on mitochondrial DNA
B
slow mutation rate
C
short DNA sequence
D
long DNA sequence
Your answer
© OCR 2016
[1]
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OCR AS/A Level Biology B (H022/422)
Module 3 Topic Test – Cell Division, Development and Disease Control
3
Fig. 7.1 below shows onion cells at various stages of mitosis.
A
B
C
D
Fig 7.1
Which cell shows the stage when the chromosomes attach to the spindle fibres?
Your answer
4
[1]
Which of the following events would not happen during mitosis in onion cells?
A
two nuclear envelopes will form
B
a cell plate will form
C
centrioles will move to opposite poles of the cell
D
the nuclear envelope will break down
Your answer
© OCR 2016
[1]
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OCR AS/A Level Biology B (H022/422)
Module 3 Topic Test – Cell Division, Development and Disease Control
5
The genetic diversity of four species was studied by analysing a number of genes.
Data from the studies are shown in Table 9.1 below.
Common
name
Genome
size
(picograms)
Number
of gene
loci
studied
A
Humans
3.50
71
51
20
B
House
sparrow
1.57
15
10
5
C
American
toad
6.35
14
10
4
D
Atlantic
horseshoe
crab
2.80
25
19
6
Species
Number of
Number of
monomorphic polymorphic
gene loci
gene loci
Table 9.1
Which species has the greatest genetic diversity?
Your answer
© OCR 2016
[1]
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OCR AS/A Level Biology B (H022/422)
Module 3 Topic Test – Cell Division, Development and Disease Control
6
Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling are two techniques that can be used to
detect chromosomal mutations in a fetus.
Which of the following statements is/are true?
Statement 1:
amniocentesis can be performed earlier in pregnancy than chorionic
villus sampling.
Statement 2:
amniocentesis carries a lower risk of miscarriage than chorionic villus
sampling.
Statement 3:
amniocentesis carries a lower risk of fetal deformities than chorionic
villus sampling.
A
1, 2 and 3
B
Only 1 and 2
C
Only 2 and 3
D
Only 1
Your answer
© OCR 2016
[1]
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OCR AS/A Level Biology B (H022/422)
Module 3 Topic Test – Cell Division, Development and Disease Control
7
(a)
In 2012, 8.6 million people fell ill with tuberculosis (TB) and 1.3 million died from
TB.
(i)
Describe how the Mantoux test is carried out to diagnose TB.
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(ii)
Antibodies are produced in response to the TB pathogen. Fig. 26.1 shows
an antibody.
Suggest how the structure of the antibody allows it to carry out its role as
an:
agglutinin…………………………………………………………………….……
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opsonin……………………………………………………………………..……..
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© OCR 2016
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OCR AS/A Level Biology B (H022/422)
Module 3 Topic Test – Cell Division, Development and Disease Control
8
Viruses are pathogens. They can infect both animal and plant cells.
Fig. 4.1 is a diagram of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
Y
Z
X
(a) What is the role of structure X?
X …………………………………………………………………………………………
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(b)
Describe the means of transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
and how the spread of the virus can be controlled.
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© OCR 2016
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OCR AS/A Level Biology B (H022/422)
Module 3 Topic Test – Cell Division, Development and Disease Control
9
(i)
Fig. 6.1 shows the hands of a fetus at two different stages in development.
Scale
1mm = 0.25mm
Using Fig. 6.1, calculate the growth rate of the middle digit between 48 and 51
days.
Show your working.
growth rate ……………………………. mm day-1 [2]
© OCR 2016
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OCR AS/A Level Biology B (H022/422)
Module 3 Topic Test – Cell Division, Development and Disease Control
(ii)
Name one nutrient that is required to support the growth of tissues in the
developing fetus and state its role.
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10
(a)
Robert Koch discovered the cause of tuberculosis (TB) in 1882.
This discovery led to diagnostic skin tests for TB being developed.
Describe how individuals in the UK are tested for TB today.
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(b)
TB is sometimes described as a social disease because it can spread easily
among people living in deprived communities.
TB is found mainly in deprived communities in developing countries, where the
disease can be endemic.
(i)
Distinguish between the terms endemic and epidemic.
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© OCR 2016
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OCR AS/A Level Biology B (H022/422)
Module 3 Topic Test – Cell Division, Development and Disease Control
(ii)
State two reasons why TB spreads easily in deprived communities.
1 ....................................................................................................................
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(c)
TB is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Populations of bacteria may become resistant to antibiotics.
Stages in the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria are listed in Table 1.1.
Place the stages in the correct order to describe how populations of bacteria
become resistant to antibiotics. The first stage has been done for you.
D
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OCR AS/A Level Biology B (H022/422)
Module 3 Topic Test – Cell Division, Development and Disease Control
(d)
TB claims the lives of many people infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus
(HIV).
Explain why people who test positive for HIV are at a much greater risk of
developing TB than people who test negative for HIV.
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11
Kew Gardens is home to the Millennium Seed Bank.
(a)
(i)
Many of the seeds stored in seed banks are given a DNA barcode.
Suggest what is meant by a DNA barcode and how a DNA barcode could
be used to identify plants with potential medicinal properties.
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© OCR 2016
Page 10
OCR AS/A Level Biology B (H022/422)
Module 3 Topic Test – Cell Division, Development and Disease Control
(ii)
Evidence for the effectiveness of medical treatments is obtained from
clinical trials.
Suggest one ethical issue that a medical practitioner might discuss with a
patient who is requesting aromatherapy as a cancer treatment.
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(b)
Jamie and Mr Rose talk about how smoking tobacco can damage human health.
Women are advised not to smoke during pregnancy.
Explain how smoking cigarettes during pregnancy can have a negative effect on
the baby.
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© OCR 2016
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OCR AS/A Level Biology B (H022/422)
Module 3 Topic Test – Cell Division, Development and Disease Control
(c)
Plants are used in traditional medicine in many countries.
The Hausa and Fulani tribes of West Africa use the leaves of the shrub Vismia
guianensis in their traditional folk medicine. Recent research indicates that
Vismia guianensis may have antimicrobial properties.
Suggest two advantages of researching plants already known to work in
traditional folk medicine when attempting to find sources of medicinal drugs.
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12
(a)
Fig. 4.1 shows the growth rate curve between the ages of 0 and 18 for females
without Turner’s syndrome and for females with Turner’s syndrome.
Use the information in Fig. 4.1 to answer to following questions:
© OCR 2016
Page 12
OCR AS/A Level Biology B (H022/422)
Module 3 Topic Test – Cell Division, Development and Disease Control
(i)
Describe one similarity between the growth rate of females without
Turner’s syndrome and the growth rate of females with Turner’s syndrome.
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(ii)
Describe two differences between the growth rate of females without
Turner’s syndrome and the growth rate of females with Turner’s syndrome.
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(iii)
Predict the effect of Turner’s syndrome on the adult height of females with
this condition.
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© OCR 2016
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OCR AS/A Level Biology B (H022/422)
Module 3 Topic Test – Cell Division, Development and Disease Control
13
(a)
To check for genetic disorders in the fetus, karyotypes are made from cells
isolated from a sample taken from the amniotic fluid or chorionic villi.
Describe how a karyotype is obtained from these cells.
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© OCR 2016
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OCR AS/A Level Biology B (H022/422)
Module 3 Topic Test – Cell Division, Development and Disease Control
(b)
Genetic disorders, such as the one shown in the karyotype in Fig. 3.1, result
from mistakes that occur when a gamete-producing cell divides by meiosis.
Fig. 3.2 below is a simplified diagram of meiosis in a gamete-producing cell. Only
the X chromosomes are shown.
(i)
On Fig. 3.2
• label the point where non-disjunction occurs
• label a diploid cell.
The answers to this question should be drawn on Fig. 3.2.
© OCR 2016
[2]
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OCR AS/A Level Biology B (H022/422)
Module 3 Topic Test – Cell Division, Development and Disease Control
(ii)
Explain how non-disjunction can lead to a fetus having the karyotype
shown in Fig. 3.1.
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[Total Marks: 57]
© OCR 2016
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OCR AS/A Level Biology B (H022/422)
Module 3 Topic Test – Cell Division, Development and Disease Control
MARK SCHEME
Question
1
Mks
1
Answer
B
Question Source and Guidance Notes
2
1
C
Q5-GCE-Biology B(Advancing Biology)-Specimen-H022/01
3
1
A
Q7-GCE-Biology B(Advancing Biology)-Specimen-H022/01
4
5
1
1
C
B
Q8-GCE-Biology B(Advancing Biology)-Specimen-H022/01
Q9-GCE-Biology B(Advancing Biology)-Specimen-H022/01
6
1
C
Q20-GCE-Biology B(Advancing Biology)-SpecimenH022/01
7(a)(i)
2
tuberculin is injected under the skin ✓
Q26(a)(i)-GCE-Biology B(Advancing Biology)-SpecimenH022/01
7(a)(ii)
8(a)
2
1
© OCR 2016
raised hard area after 48–72 hours ✓
Agglutinins
idea of the antigen binding site / variable region binding to the
antigens and clumping the pathogens together ✓
Opsonins
idea of the constant region of the antibody allows
phagocytic cells to recognise and engulf ✓
X (surface glycoprotein) for binding to host cell ✓
Q4-GCE-Biology B(Advancing Biology)-Specimen-H022/01
Topics
Non-communicable disease,
The cellular basis of cancer
and treatment
Cell division and
development, The
development of species,
evolution and classification
Cell division and
development, The developing
cells: cell division and cell
differentiation
Practical Skills, Analysis
Cell division and
development, The
development of species,
evolution and classification
Cell division and
development, The developing
individual: meiosis, growth
and development
Demand
M
H
H
L
M
L
ALLOW antigen under skin
Q26(a)(ii)-GCE-Biology B(Advancing Biology)-SpecimenH022/01
Q4(a)-GCE-Biology B(Advancing Biology)-SpecimenH022/02
Pathogens, immunity and
disease control, The immune
system
Pathogens, immunity and
disease control, Pathogenic
microorganisms
M,H
L
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OCR AS/A Level Biology B (H022/422)
Module 3 Topic Test – Cell Division, Development and Disease Control
Question
8(b)
9(i)
Mks
6
2
Answer
Level 3 (5–6 marks)
The means of transmission is clearly understood and
described in detail, using an example. How the spread can be
controlled is discussed in detail and the learner considers
more than one measure of control.
There is a well-developed line of reasoning which is clear and
logically structured. The information presented is relevant and
substantiated.
Level 2 (3–4 marks)
The means of transmission is described. At least one good
suggestion of how to control the spread of the virus is given.
There is a line of reasoning presented with some structure.
The information presented is in the most-part relevant and
supported by some evidence.
Level 1 (1–2 marks)
Relevant comment about the means of transmission or control
of spread.
The information is basic and communicated in an
unstructured way. The information is supported by limited
evidence and the relationship to the evidence may not be
clear.
0 marks
No response or no response worthy of credit.
Question Source and Guidance Notes
0.58 ✓✓
Q6(b)(i)-GCE-Biology B(Advancing Biology)-SpecimenH022/02
Q4(b)-GCE-Biology B(Advancing Biology)-SpecimenH022/02
Examples of relevant material could include the
following:
means of transmission
1
Any 1 from:
protein for production of new cells / enzymes / skin / bone ✓
Demand
L,M
spreads from person to person in body fluids
named example e.g. from mother to baby in uterus
once in blood virus enters T lymphocytes
may remain dormant for long period
controlling the spread
screening donated blood
education
named example e.g. giving sterile needles to drug
users
epidemiological testing
access to means of prevention e.g. condom clinics
ALLOW 2 marks for the correct answer with no
working
ALLOW 1 mark for calculation without final step 24 –
17 = 7 / 3 = 2.3
9(ii)
Topics
Pathogens, immunity and
disease control, Pathogenic
microorganisms
Q6(b)(ii)-GCE-Biology B(Advancing Biology)-SpecimenH022/02
Cell division and
development, Practical skills,
Analysis, The developing
cells: cell division and cell
differentiation
L,H
vitamin D for production of, bones / teeth ✓
phosphorus / calcium, for production of, bones / teeth ✓
© OCR 2016
Page 18
OCR AS/A Level Biology B (H022/422)
Module 3 Topic Test – Cell Division, Development and Disease Control
Question
10(a)
Mks
3
Answer
Mantoux test ;
tuberculin OR TB antigen ;
injected (under skin) / AW ;
wait 48-72 hours ;
Idea of measuring (extent of) inflammation (to determine
whether a person has TB);
10(b)(i)
10(b)(ii)
2
2
Question Source and Guidance Notes
Q1(a)-GCE-Human Biology-June 2014-F222/01
IGNORE Heaf Test
ACCEPT sputum test IGNORE X-rays
ACCEPT measuring size of any raised hardened
area / swelling
Q1(b)(i)-GCE-Human Biology-June 2014-F222/01
overcrowding / AW ;
Q1(b)(ii)-GCE-Human Biology-June 2014-F222/01
IGNORE Spreads quickly
ACCEPT ‘sudden outbreak’ – look for a time
reference
DO NOT CREDIT in the context of a
pandemic (‘in the world’)
IGNORE damp conditions
10(c )
2
unaffordable / unavailable, diagnosis / vaccine /
(named) drugs / healthcare ;
IGNORE ref to lack of education
weakened immune system / reason for weakened immune
system ;
IGNORE health care unqualified
e.g. malnutrition OR HIV+
Pathogens, immunity and
disease control, Pathogenic
microorganisms
L/M
CREDIT hygiene in the context of coughing /
sneezing
Q1(c )-GCE-Human Biology-June 2014-F222/01
A first and B last ;
E before C ;
© OCR 2016
Demand
L/M
ACCEPT a figure within this range or 2–3 days / 2
days / 3 days
Endemic = a disease always present in, the population / AW
(in a region / country / area / prevalence pool);
Epidemic = a sudden / AW , increase in the, number of cases
/
incidence (in a region / country / area);
more people with active TB in community ;
poor hygiene qualified ;
A E C B ;;
Topics
Pathogens, immunity and
disease control, The immune
system
Pathogens, immunity and
disease control, Controlling
communicable diseases
L/M
Page 19
OCR AS/A Level Biology B (H022/422)
Module 3 Topic Test – Cell Division, Development and Disease Control
Question
10(d)
Mks
3
Answer
weak(ened) /compromised, immune system ;
T helper cells, destroyed / infected / numbers fall ;
(T helper cells normally) activate, other immune cells / B cells
;
fewer / no, antibodies produced ;
Question Source and Guidance Notes
Q1(d)-GCE-Human Biology-June 2014-F222/01
CREDIT reverse argument for immune response in
HIV negative people.
IGNORE no or lower, immune response
Topics
Pathogens, immunity and
disease control, Pathogenic
microorganisms
Demand
L,M,H
Cell division and
development, The
development of species,
evolution and classification
L,M,H
Non-communicable disease,
The cellular basis of cancer
and treatment
L,M
ACCEPT T helper cells infected, attacked, or
damaged
ALLOW description e.g. No cytokines
released to trigger clonal expansion
REJECT if T cells producing antibodies
11(a)
3
Barcode
Short piece / (base) sequence / length of, DNA ;
Q2(a)(ii)-GCE-Human Biology-June 2014-F222/01
IGNORE gene and chromosome throughout
from a specific, position / locus, on a chromosome ;
11(b)
1
Use
ACCEPT rbcl, matK, trnH-psbA (plastid genomic
regions) ITS (nuclear gene region)
idea of comparing / matching / similar to, DNA (sequence) /
barcode of a known medicinal plant ;
idea that similar sequence / barcode indicate related species /
related species more likely to have similar medicinal
compounds ;
idea that aromatherapy alone will not work (to treat cancer) ;
Q2(c )(ii)-GCE-Human Biology-June 2014-F222/01
IGNORE gives false hope
idea that might negatively affect prescribed treatment ;
idea that conventional treatment / medicine
might be, refused / given up ;
© OCR 2016
Page 20
OCR AS/A Level Biology B (H022/422)
Module 3 Topic Test – Cell Division, Development and Disease Control
Question
11(c )
Mks
5
Answer
carbon monoxide combines with haemoglobin ;
Question Source and Guidance Notes
Topics
Cell division and
development, The developing
individual: meiosis, growth
and development
Demand
L,M,H
Q2(f)-GCE-Human Biology-June 2014-F222/01
Non-communicable disease,
Respiratory diseases and
treatment
L,M
Q4(c )(i)-GCE-Human Biology-June 2014-F222/01
Practical Skills, Analysis
L,M
Practical Skills, Analysis
L,M
Practical Skills, Analysis
L,M
Q2(d)-GCE-Human Biology-June 2014-F222/01
ACCEPT forms carboxyhaemoglobin
11(d)
2
nicotine reduces diameter of blood vessels (in placenta and
fetus) ;
reduces oxygen supply to, fetus / baby ;
fetus’s heart beats faster ;
(increased chance of) premature birth ;
(increased chance of) low birth weight ;
baby’s lungs less well developed ;
higher risk of, still birth / death in early infancy ;
idea of quicker / cheaper / easier (to find , plants / active
chemicals) ;
ACCEPT vasoconstriction
idea of known side effects / interaction ;
12(i)
12(ii)
12(iii)
1
2
1
© OCR 2016
idea that known dosage ;
large / rapid decrease from 1 – 3 / 4 years ;
both similar for years 1-3 ;
both same at,1 or 14.5/15 years ;
the growth rate drops between 1 and 10 years ;
Turner’s syndrome
growth rate lower for more of the time / until 15 ;
no growth spurt at puberty / between 10 / 11 ;
growth does not, decrease steeply / stop at 18 ;
(adult height) will be short(er) / AW ;
will reach (own) adult height later / AW ;
ACCEPT any figure within the range
14.5 – 15years
Q4(c )(ii)-GCE-Human Biology-June 2014-F222/01
CREDIT reverse argument for female without
Turner’s syndrome
Q4(c )(iii)-GCE-Human Biology-June 2014-F222/01
ACCEPT stunted growth / small stature /small
Page 21
OCR AS/A Level Biology B (H022/422)
Module 3 Topic Test – Cell Division, Development and Disease Control
Question
13(a)
Mks
5
Answer
1 culture cells ;
Question Source and Guidance Notes
Q3(b)-GCE-Human Biology-June 2013-F222/01
2 (chemical added to) stimulate cells to divide / undergo
mitosis;
3 stop , spindle being formed / division at beginning of
metaphase ;
IGNORE ‘stain the cell’ or ‘stain the sample’
4 (by) adding colchicine ;
IGNORE refs to photographs
Topics
Cell division and
development, The developing
individual: meiosis, growth
and development
Demand
L,M,H
5 (before staining) (dilute) salt solution added
(to burst cells) ;
6 (before sorting) chromosomes / genetic material /
DNA, stained ;
13(b)(i)
2
7 (finally) chromosomes sorted into pairs ;
(non-disjunction)
lower left pair of arrows indicated
Q3(c )(i)-GCE-Human Biology-June 2013-F222/01
OR
middle left cell ;
13(b)(ii)
4
(diploid)
top cell labelled ;
the pair of (homologous) chromosomes /
sister chromatids , fail to separate ;
Q3(c )(ii)-GCE-Human Biology-June 2013-F222/01
Cell division and
development, The developing
individual: meiosis, growth
and development
L,M,H
during , anaphase 1 / anaphase 2 ;
one , gamete / cell , receives 2 X chromosomes ;
fertilisation / AW (happens) ;
results in , zygote / fertilised egg / cell / fetus ,
with, 47 /AW, chromosomes ;
Total
57
© OCR 2016
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OCR AS/A Level Biology B (H022/422)
Module 3 Topic Test – Cell Division, Development and Disease Control
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