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Social Psychology Attitude Attraction Aggression Group Behavior The study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another What do you think? • A very good friend gets angry with you. How do you explain his/her behavior? • The same friend does something nice for you. How do you explain his/her behavior? • Someone you have recently gotten to know walks by you in the hall but doesn’t say hello (even as you try to say hi to them) what would you think? Why? • That good friend (above) walks by you in the hall but doesn’t say hello (even as you try to say hi to him/her). What do you think? Why? Attribution Theory • The theory that we explain someone’s behavior crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition It is either a…. • Situational Attribution • Dispositional Attribution Fundamental Attribution Error How do you view your teacher’s behavior? You probably attribute it to their personality rather than their profession. But do you really know? Self-Serving Bias If you win it is because you are awesome…if you lose, it must have been the coach or weather or…. • We tend to overestimate the role of dispositional factors & underestimate the impact of the situation • Individualistic (disposition) vs. Collectivistic Cultures (situation) • Remember: Our attributions have consequences-make them carefully FAE in Everyday Life • We struggle to explain others’ actions • Happily married couples attributes a sassy remark to situation (“He had a bad day at work’) • Unhappily married couples attribute that remark to mean disposition (“Why did I marry such a mean husband?”) Attitudes • Attitude: feelings that predispose us to respond in certain ways to people, events, objects… • Persuasion: when your attitude or opinion toward something changes • Central Route Persuasion: attitude change path where interested people focus on the arguments & respond w/ favorable thoughts – The issues are at the heart (center) • Peripheral Route Persuasion: attitude change path where people are influenced by cues – Ex: endorser’s attractiveness • Advertising is ALL based on attitude formation Attitude and Behavior You have a belief that cheating on tests is bad. But you cheat on a test!!! The teacher was really bad so in that class it is OK. • Do attitudes tell us about someone’s behavior? Cognitive Dissonance Theory • People want to have consistent thoughts….when they are not they experience dissonance (unpleasant tension) • When we are aware of this, we act to reduce the discomfort • Usually they will change their attitude • We don’t want to be hypocrites, do we? Cognitive Dissonance Example *Elizabeth thinks that financial security is important but is dating a guy who is financially irresponsible. -to relieve the tension, she can either leave the relationship or reduce the importance of financial security *Create 2 of your own examples Compliance Strategies • Foot-in-the-door phenomenon: people who have agreed to a small request are more likely to agree to a larger one – Start small & build – Behaviors escalate – What are some examples? • Door-in-the-face phenomenon: excessive request followed by a more reasonable one – What are some examples? Conformity • Adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard • Behavior is contagious! Asch’s Conformity Results • About 1/3 of the participants conformed • 70% conformed at least once To strengthen conformity: • • • • • The group is unanimous (the dissent of just one other person greatly increases social courage) The group is at least three people One admires the group’s status/attractiveness You are made to feel incompetent Others in the group observe your behavior Reasons for Conforming • Normative Social Influence – Influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval – We want to avoid rejection so we conform to social norms • Ex: you really love country music but pretend to hate it when your lunch group is bashing it • Informational Social Influence • When we don’t know how to behave, we copy others • when we look to others for information about reality • Ex: you watch others to find out what fork to use at a fancy restaurant Milgram’s Study Of Obedience Results of the Milgram Study Ordinary people can do shocking things! How groups affect our behavior? Social Facilitation Theory • If you are really good at something….or it is an easy task…you will perform BETTER in front of a group • What yo do well, you are likely to do better in from of an audience • What you find difficult may seem impossible when you are being watched • If it is a difficult task or you are not very good at it…you will perform WORSE in front of a group (social impairment). Situation: Tug-of-War • You are in Animal House playing the Nacho Cheese Tug-of-War. Are you putting forth more or less effort than if you were playing by yourself? Social Loafing • The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling efforts toward a common goal than if they were individually accountable. Questions? 1. Should teachers stop using group projects? Why or why not? 2. Does having group members evaluate each other minimize social loafing? Why or why not? 3. Does assigning roles help minimize social loafing? Why or why not? 4. How can group members motivate each other to work their hardest during group work? Deindividuation • People get swept up in a group and lose sense of self • Feel anonymous and aroused • Explains rioting behaviors Deindividuation 1. What types of actions does the crowd engage in that are considered illegal? 2. Does alcohol use during sporting events increase the effects of deindividuation? 3. Does dressing up or painting one’s face increase or decrease the likelihood of deindividuation? Group Polarization • A phenomenon where the decisions and opinions of people in a group setting become more extreme than their actual, privately held beliefs – Groups tend to make more extreme decisions than the individual. Groupthink • Group members suppress their reservations about the ideas supported by the group • They are more concerned with group harmony Stereotypes, Prejudice and Click here to find out about an interesting Discrimination experiment Prejudice: • unjustifiable (usually negative) attitude towards a group of people • Involves stereotypes, negative feelings, & discrimination • Stereotype: overgeneralized belief about a group of people Discrimination: • Unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members Ethnocentrism: belief that your own culture/ethnic group is superior to others • Judge others based on your own culture Roots of Prejudice • Social inequalities: the “haves” develop attitudes that justify things as they are • We oversimplify other groups’ similarities (they all look and act alike) – Other-race effect: we can recall faces of our own race more accurately than faces of other races – The more experience, the better we are at identifying • Us vs. Them: we need to belong to a group (blame our ancestors) – Ingroup: “us” – people we share a common identity with • Ingroup bias: the tendency to favor our own group – Outgroup: “them” – those seen as different from “us” • We most intensely dislike outgroups rivals that are most like us How does prejudice occur? • Just world Phenomenon: people tend to believe that the world is “just” and people get what they deserve – Good is rewarded and evil is punished…right? • Scapegoat Theory: prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame – Ex: Germany 1930s, post 9/11 Arab-Americans… Combating Prejudice Superordinate Goals • Contact between hostile groups will reduce animosity if they are made to work towards a superordinate goal • Shared goal requiring cooperation of everyone • Serif’ Robber’s Cave study Aggression • Aggression: any verbal or physical behavior meant to hurt or destroy • Biology & experience influence • Frustration-aggression principle: when achieving a goal is blocked it creates anger which can create aggression – When people think they are being prevented from achieving a goal, their frustration is likely to turn to aggression – The closer you get to a goal, the greater the excitement and expectation of the pleasure. Thus the closer you are, the more frustrated you get by being held back. – Ex: crowd becomes aggressive when team is losing – Your example? Attraction 5 Factors of Attraction Proximity • Geographic nearness – We are more likely to like/marry someone from the same neighborhood, work, school… Mere exposure effect: • The more we see something the more we like it! • Taiwanese Letters…poor guy Physical Attractiveness • Physically attractiveness predicts dating frequency (they date more) • They are perceived as healthier, happier, more honest and successful than less attractive counterparts • Culture & beauty… Are these cultures really that different? Similarity • Opposites do NOT attract • Birds of the same feather do flock together • Couples are likely to share common attitudes, beliefs, interests • We also like people who like us Altruism Reciprocity Norm • People will help (not hurt) those that helped them Social Responsibility Norm • Expectation that people help those who need it • Ex: people who help w/ natural disasters • Altruism: unselfish regard for the welfare of others Bystander Effect • The tendency for a bystander to be less likely to help if other bystanders are present • Kitty Genovese story • People are much more likely to help if they are the only one around/hear screams, etc…much less likely if others are around/think other hear…because… • Diffusion of Responsibility • Social Exchange Theory: behavior is an exchange process • If benefits outweigh costs, we go for it • If costs outweigh benefits, we terminate • Ex: any relationship! Which person would you want to have a long term relationship with? Zimbardo’s Prison Study • Showed how we deindividuate AND become the roles we are given. • Philip Zimbardo has students at Stanford U play the roles of prisoner and prison guards in the basement of psychology building. • They were given uniforms and numbers for each prisoner. • What do you think happened?