Download Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World

Chapter 28
Popular Sovereignty and Political Upheaval
Enlightened and Revolutionary Ideas
1.Popular Sovereignty
Popular Sovereignty
& Individual Freedom
26.Voltaire and Individual Freedom
Political and Legal Equality
Global Influence of
Enlightenment Values
29.How the Enlightenment
influence Revolutions
• Many enlightened philosophes
Called for equality
• Philosophes began to
• Recommend society where
Question notions of
All individuals are equal before
Sovereignty
The law
• Locke: indiv. Voluntarily
• Rousseau: members of a
Formed society & est. gov’t
Society are sovereign, in an
Rulers derive authority from
Ideal society indiv. Would
Consent of governed
• Voltaire: called for religious Participate in the creation of laws
Toleration and freedom to
3.John Locke’s ideas
Express their views openly
• Enlightenment challenged
Long established ideas
• Revolutionary leaders
Were influenced by
Enlightenment ideas
• Enlightenment ideas
Influenced the organization
Of states and societies
Throughout the world.
The American Revolution (1775-1781)
2.Reasons for Independence for U.S. Colonies
Declaration of Independence
Tightened British Control
& Divided Loyalties
Building an Independent
Over Colonies
State
• N. American colonists
Became disenchanted with
British imperial rule
• Reasons for
Disenchantment:
Geographic distance,
Inefficient gov’t , taxation
w/o representation
• July 4, 1776 D.o.I. drafted
• Inspired by enlightenment
Thought to justify quest for
Independence
• Echoed Locke’s idea
• Difficult to put independence
Into action
• Brits had many advantages
• Americans had much foreign
Support (France, Spain, Netherlands
• Constitution emphasize
The rights of individuals
• Gov’t based on popula
sovereignty
5.Estates General
The French Revolution (1789-1799)
6.Guiding principle written for the French
Revolution
The Estates General
The National Assembly
Liberty, Equality, & Fraternity
• France faced fiscal
Problems (war debts)
• 1st estate: Roman
Catholic Clergy
• 2nd estate: nobles
• 3rd estate: serf, free
Peasants, urban residents
• All estates have same #
Of votes even though 3rd
Estate has more people
• Called Estates General
Into session to authorize taxes
• 3rd Estate demanded
reform
• 3rd estates secede from the
Estates General claim
Themselves as National Assembly
• Parisian crowds storm the
Bastille
• Military Garrison protecting the
Bastille surrenders
• Promulagated Declaration of the
Rights of Man and the Citizen
• Guided by American revolution
Principles calling for equality for all,
Popular sovereignty, & individual rights
• Abolish old social order
• Got rid of fees of peasants
• Abolish 1st estate
• Clergy seen as citizens of
The state
• King is still executive but
No legislative authority
• France for a time became
A constitutional monarchy
The French Revolution
The Convention
The Directory
7.“Cult of Reason”
• Revolution becomes more radical
• French nobility attempts to get
27.Robespierre
Foreign help
• Forces the Nat’l Assembly to declare
War on Prussia, Spain, Britain & Netherlands
• Counterrevolutionaries start the assembly
Known as the Convention
• Abolished the monarchy
• Used the guillotine
• Maximillien Robespierre (Jacobin Party)
Leads the Convention for a time
• Committee of Public Safety- campaign of
Terror, promoted “cult of reason”
• Instability of Convention led to people
Undermining the regime
• The Convention arrests Robespierre
• New group of conservative men take
Over the Convention and start the
Directory
• The Directory was unable to solve social
And economic problems
• Enter in Napoleon Bonaparte with a
Coup d’ etat
The Reign of Napoleon
8.Napoleon’s effects on France
Napoleonic France
Napoleon’s Empire
The Fall of Napoleon
30.Concordat
• Napoleon brought political
Stability to France
• Made an agreement with
The Roman Catholic Church
Known as the CONCORDAT (pay
Clerics salaries, prefer Roman
Catholic Church, retained lands
Seized)
• This won support
• Promulagated the Civil Code
That stabilized society
• Merit based society
• Let opponents return to France
• Limited free speech, secret
Police, use of propaganda
• Wanted to extend authority
Throughout Europe
• Iberian and Italian peninsulas,
Netherlands, Austria, Prussia
• Attempted to attack Russia
• Went to Capital everyone
Was gone and burned down
• Napoleon did not have
Adequate supplies and housing
• Opponents of Napoleon
Take advantage and
Force him to abdicate his
Throne
• Send him to island of Elba
• Attempt to regain power
For 100 days
• British army defeats him in
Battle of Waterloo
• Once again and finally sent
To island of St. Helena
The Influence of Revolution
The Haitian Revolution
9.Haitian Revolution
10.Touissant Louverture
Slave Revolt and
Toussaint Louverture
Saint-Domingue Society
Republic of Haiti
28.3 groups of St. Domingue Society
•
3 major groups:
•
Whites: European born
Colonial administrators,
Plantation owners, minor
Aristocrats
•
Gens de colour: People of
Color, mulattoes & black
•
Slaves
•
Planters did not take care
Of slaves leading to high
Mortality rate
•
Violent conflicts between
White owners and slaves
•
Gen de colour coming from
American Revo. Wanted the
Same change in Saint Domingue
•
1791 civil war Gen de Colour
And white settlers
• Boukman, voodoo priest
Organizes slave revolt
• Battle between white,
Gen de colour, & slaves
• French attempt to restore
Order
• British & Spanish interfere
• Louverture aided the revolution
• Put Spanish, Brits, and French
Against each other
• Promulagated a constitution that
Gave equality and citizenship to all
residents
• Napoleon sent troops to
Restore order but yellow
Fever caught them
• 1803 declared independence
• 1804 establishment of
Haiti
Latin American Society
• Revolutionary ideals
Traveled to Spanish &
Portuguese colonies
• Creoles: Euro-American
• Other groups include: Black
Slaves, mixed ancestry (mestizos
& mulattoes)
• Creoles benefited in
Plantations, ranches and trade
w/Spain & Portugual
• Sought to displace
Peninsulares but retain privilege
Position
• Political independence model
of the U.S.
Wars of Independence in Latin America
11.Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
Mexican Independence
• Napoleon’s invasion of
Spain & Portugal weakens
Colonies
• Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
, parish priest, creates
Peasant rebellion
• Mestizos against colonial
Rule
• Social & economic warfare
Against elites
• Colonial rule came to an end
In 1821
• Augustin de Ituribe deposed
• Mexico becomes a republic
• Central American Federation:
Guatemala, El Salvado, Honduras,
Nicaragua, Costa r Rica till 1838
12.Simon Bolivar
Simon Bolivar
• Led movements of
Independence in S. America
• Took up arms against
Spanish rule and deposed
Most throughout S. America
• Gran Colombia:
Venezuela, Colombia,
Ecuador ended in 1830
Wars of Independence in Latin America
Brazilian Independence
• When Napoleon invaded Portugal
Royal court goes to Rio de Janeiro
• King returns in 1821 leaves, son,
Pedro, behind
• Creoles call for independence in
The following year. Pedro agrees.
• Becomes emperor Pedro
Creole Dominance
• Creoles dominate former colonies
• Latin American society remained rigidly
Stratified
• Caudillos: military authorities
• Continuation of slavery
• Confirmed authority of Roman Catholic
Church
The Emergence of Ideologies: Conservatism & Liberalism
13.Conservatism
Conservatism
• Viewed society as an
Organism that changed slowly
• Edmund Burke: condemned
Radical or revolutionary change
• Approved American Revo as
Natural changing w/historical
Development
• Disapproved of French
Revolution chaotic and irresponSible to society
14.Liberalism
Liberalism
• Change normal, sign of
Progress
• Viewed conservatism as
Maintaining status quo and
Not wanting to address
Inequalities
• Championed enligthenment
Values of freedom & equality
• Liberalism of Atlantic revolutions
more concerned about civil rights
• At the end of 19th c. liberals began
To look to the gov’t to correct
Problems
• John Stuart Mill argued for indivi
Dual freedom
Voting Rights and Restrictions
• The idea that in order to
Establish democratic
Legitimacy and popular
Sovereignty universal suffrage
Is needed.
• Suffrage derived legitimacy
From the Enlightenment
About self government and
Consent of the governed.
Testing the Limits of Revolutionary Ideals: Slavery
15.End of Slave Trade
Movements to end
the Slave Trade
• Idea to end slave trade
Started in the 18th c.
• William Wilberforce:
Leading proponent to end
The slave trade.
Philanthropist. Member of
Parliament
• 1807 Wilberforce’s bill
Passes to end the slave
Trade
• Other countries followed
• Some illegal trade still occurred
Movements to
Abolish Slavery
• Bigger challenge
• Inexpensive labor
• Ending slave trade
Would ultimately end
Slavery
Freedom w/o Equality
• Abolition brought legal
Freedom, not political
Equality
• Property requirements,
Literacy rates, poll taxes,
Intimidation
• White creoles over black
creoles
Testing the Limits of the Revolutionary Ideals: Women’s Rights
16.Mary Wollstonecraft
Enlightenment Ideals
And Women
• Most enlightenment
Philosophers did not believe
In women’s rights
• Reformers used it to their
Advantage
• Mary Wollstonecraft: “A
Vindication for the Rights of
• Women” stated women
Possessed all the rights of men
(education, contribute to society)
18.Women and Revolution
Women and Revolution
Women’s Rights Movement
• Women participated in the
Revolutions in various ways
• Preparing uniforms,
Bandages, managing farms,
Shops & businesses
• They found little political
Freedom and equality
• 19th c. women pressed
For their rights and abolition
Of slavery
• Elizabeth Cady Stanton:
Called for women’s rights,
Movement gained limited
Success in the 19th century
But gained momentum in
The 20th c.
The Consolidation of National States in Europe
Nations and Nationalism
17.Nationalism
Cultural Nationalism
• Refers to the type of community
That became prominent in 19th c.
• Distinctive people born into a
Unique community w/common
Language, customs, culture, values,
And historical experiences
• Nation must be focus of political
Loyalty
• Sought to deepen appreciation for
Historical experiences of the nation
• Germany held great political nationalism
Political Nationalism
• Advocates of nationalism demanded
Loyalty and solidarity from members
• People that lived in lands of foreign
Rule or who were the minorities often
Sought their own independence
• This could often led to conflict between
The ruled and rulers
Nations and Nationalism
19.Nationalism and Anti-Semitism
Nationalism and Anti-Semitism
• Zionism: the idea that the Jewish
People have their right to their own
National homeland
• Jews were throughout Europe and often
The minorities
• Many nationalist distrusted Jews and
Brought Anti-Semitism
• Especially visible in Eastern Europe
(Austria-Hungary & Germany)
25.Effects of Nationalism
20.Zionism
Zionism
Theodor Herzl, Journalist, realized antiSemitism was a persistent feature of
Human society and assimilation could
Not be solved
• Founded the World Zionist Organization
Which sought to find a home for the
Jewish community
• Location “ancient kingdom of Israel”
Today known as Palestine
• Provoked resentful nationalism from
Displaced Arabs
The Emergence of National Communities
21.Congress of Vienna
Congress of Vienna (1814-1815)
• After the Great Powers (Britain, Austria,
Prussia and Russia) deposed Napoleon a
Meeting was held to return power back
Into the hands of the old prerevolutionary
Order.
• Countries did not want one to dominate
The other
• This meeting, and return to old way,
Proved futile and did not last long (100 years),
• The idea of Popular sovereignty had been
Embedded into the citizens of nations
22.Nationalist Rebellions
Nationalist Rebellions
• 1820s-1840s a wave of national rebellion
Occurred throughout Europe.
• Greeks sought and gained independence
From Ottoman Turks
• Rebellions in France, Spain, and Portugal
Called for constitutional gov’t based on
Popular sovereignty
• Belgium, Italy and Poland called for the
Formation of national states
The Unification of Italy and Germany
23.Unification of Italy
24.Unification of Germany
Cavour and Garibaldi
Otto von Bismark
• Prime minister of King Vittore
Emmanuele II of Peidemont
and Sardinia united with national
Advocates of independence
• Cavour expelled Austrian authorities
From N. Italy
• Soldier Garibaldi dealt with forces
In Southern Italy
• Eventually unifying all of Italy into one
state
• Prime Minister
• Drew German sentiment against
Denmark, Austria and France in 3
Victorious war.s
• Drew up German pride.
• Prussian King Wilhem I announce
The establishment of the Second ReichSecond German empire-following the
Holy Roman Empire
• Unifications and nationalism had
Enormous potential
• National states created flags, anthems,
Holidays, created schools, nat’l populations,
Recruitments to foster patriotism and
Patriotic values