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Lecture 4
Passive voice
Causative verb
PASSIVE VOICE
Forming the passive
• Form of the passive: be + past participle
• Only transitive verbs (verbs that are followed by
an object) are used in the passive.
• Example:
–
–
–
–
S
V
O
ACTIVE: Mary helped the boy.
S
V
O
PASSIVE: The boy was helped by Mary.
S
V
ACTIVE: An accident happened.
PASSIVE: (none)
Using the passive
ADV
(PLACE)
S
V
• PASSIVE: Rice is grown in India
• ACTIVE :
?
Someone grow rice in India
• Usually the passive is used without the “by
phrase” when it is not known or not important
to know who exactly perform the action.
Examples
GRAMMAR
Simple present
Present progressive
Present perfect
Simple past
Past progressive
Past perfect
Simple future
Be going to
Future perfect
ACTIVE
Mary helps John.
Mary is helping John.
Mary has helped John.
Mary helped John.
Mary was helping John.
Mary had helped John.
Mary will help John.
Mary is going to help John.
Mary will have helped John.
PASSIVE
John is helped by Mary
John is being helped by Mary
John has been helped by Mary
John was helped by Mary
John was being helped by Mary
John had been helped by Mary
John will be helped by Mary
John is going to be helped by Mary
John will have been helped by Mary
The progressive form of the present perfect, past
perfect, future, and future perfect are rarely used in
passive
Indirect objects as passive subjects
• Active:
Indirect
object
Direct
object
– Someone gave Mrs. Lee an award.
– Someone gave an award to Mrs. Lee.
• Passive:
– Mrs. Lee was given an award.
– An award was given to Mrs. Lee.
• Either I.O. or D.O. may become the subject of the
passive voice.
• When the D.O. become the subject, to is usually
used in front of the I.O.
Causative Verbs:
HAVE, GET, MAKE, LET, HELP
Using Make, Have, Get
It is used to express the idea that ‘X’ causes ‘Y’
to do something.
a) I made my brother carry my bag.
b) I had my brother carry my bag.
c) I got my brother to carry my bag.
Verb in
infinitive form
Verb in
simple form
The difference in meaning
a) I made my brother carry my bag.
means my brother had no choice. I insisted that
he carry my bag.
b) I had my brother carry my bag.
means my brother carried my bag simply
because I asked him to.
c) I got my brother to carry my bag.
means I managed to persuade my brother to
carry my bag.
Passive meaning
d) I had my car repaired. (by someone)
e) I got my car repaired. (by someone)
Past participle
or V3
a) and e) have little to no difference: I caused
my car to be repaired by someone.
Using Let and Help
A. My father let me drive his car.
B. My mother helped me make pasta.
C. My mother helped me to make pasta.
Let is always followed by simple form of a verb
while help can be followed by either verb one or
an infinitive.