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RENAISSANCE
Film
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Who were the Medici? Why was the film titled
“Medici: Godfathers of the Renaissance?”
What is the significance of patronage?
 Filippo
Lippi
 Donatello

Who was Filippo Brunelleschi?
Small Group Discussion

The Renaissance has been described as the
“prototype of the modern world” by Jacob
Burckhardt…writing in 1860, what did he view as
“modern” in this period?
 What
transitions are there in political structure? Social
organization? Cultural values? Artistic ideas? Economic
practices?
 Effects of the Black Death? Growth of urban areas?
Advent of printing? Emergence of the Italian merchant
elite?
Small Group Discussion

Does the term “Genius” accurately reflect the
innovators of the Renaissance?
 Individuals

in Society on page 391, Volume I on 322
Or is “Renaissance Man” more appropriate
 Baldassare
Castiglione: The Book of the Courtier
 What is difference between “genius” and “Renaissance
man?”
What caused the Renaissance?
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14th Century Disasters
Geography and Urban Environments
Italian Political Structure and Conflict
Trade, commercialism, and wealth
Literature and ideas
 Within
your group, make a case for how your factor
contributed to the rise of the Renaissance culture and
society more than the other categories
 After all the presentations, rank the factors in order of
importance
AP EURO STUDY GUIDE
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Discussion Questions:
1. What does the term “Renaissance” mean and
how did the Italian and Northern Renaissance
differ?
2. How was the Renaissance manifested in politics,
government, and social organization?
4. What were the intellectual and artistic hallmarks
of the Renaissance?
5. Did the Renaissance involve shifts in religious
attitudes?
Periods of the Renaissance

Era of rapid transitions
 1350-1400
was characterized by declining population,
uncovering of classical texts and experimentation in
variety of art forms
 1400-1450 was distinguished by creation of a set of
cultural values and artistic and literary achievements
 1500-1550 was marked by invasions from France and
Spain that transformed Italian political life, and the
ideas and techniques of Italian writers and artists
spread throughout the continent
Attitude of the People
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“Rebirth” – going back to the times of Ancient
Greece and Rome
Used texts as a guide to the way life should be
rather than a historical record
Due to Black Death, 100 Years War, and Papacy
conflict, people start living for today
 View
world as a place for pleasure
 Universities start to draw away from church and teach
curriculum with focus on Humanism
Attitude of the People
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Religion now focuses on the powers of man to affect
his world
Humans are no longer frail creatures but have a
vast range of human powers
Civic Humanism: build hospitals, fountains, squares,
sculpture, & parks rather than cathedrals
Why Italy?

Most advanced urban society in Europe because
aristocrats lived in city rather than castle outside of it
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Better educated because they were merchants and needed
to know how to communicate to trade
Great connection to the classical because there were so
many ancient ruins and remnants of art
Money!
Venice through Mediterranean Sea
 Medici Banks
 Church

Urban Living
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1 in 4 Italians lived in towns
Cities dominated their regions economically, politically,
and culturally and served as centers of judicial power
Cities began as markets and the privilege to
participate in the market defined citizens
Hierarchy of guilds: 1) clothiers, metalworkers 2) bankers,
merchants, administrators 3) grocers, masons
 Rest of people were wage laborers and half were poor

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10% of people controlled 90% of money
Economy of the Renaissance
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Defined by the concentration of wealth
Agriculture and clothing manufacturing are two most
significant economic activities; merchants make up
just a small portion of the workforce
Market economy of Renaissance only refers to few
Population change dictated supply and demand
and ultimately the Renaissance economy
products > consumers  lower prices for
basics and higher wages for labor
 Finished
Quality of Life: Reason for Hope
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Health improved, life expectancy increased due to
surplus of grain, and improvements in transportation
and communication led to diversified diet
Social and political cohesiveness
 Blood
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relations, neighborhoods, occupation
Growing sense of civic pride and individual
accomplishment
Stress on production of luxury goods led to
excellent workmanship
City Structure
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Northern Italian cities: Associations of free men who looked
for political and economic independence from local nobles
 Communes
Oligarchy created by northern Italian feudal nobility and
commercial elite
Popolo: common people in communes that didn’t meet
qualifications of citizenship
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Property qualification
Years of residence within the city
Social connections
Through force, popolo established Republican governments
with the power in the hands of the people but civil order
was impossible…power went back to oligarchy
Communes and Republics
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Signori: government in which one man rules and
hands down the right to rule to his son (also the
rulers)
Courts: magnificent households and palaces where
rulers lived, conducted business and supported the
arts
 Display
the wealth of the family
City-States
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Venice: run by oligarchy of merchant-aristorcrats
Milan: Signori of the Sforza ruled from 1447-1535
Florence: Medici banking family starting in 1434
Papal States: Pope Alexander VI with help of his
illegimate son Cesare Borgia
Naples: controlled by King of Aragon
“Jungle where the powerful dominated the weak.”
Machinery of Modern Democracy: Permanent
embassies to monitor business in other states
Subject to Attack

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Milan asked France for support against Florence
and Naples; France invaded Italy in 1494
Fulfilled prophecy of Girolamo Savonarola that
God would punish Italy for moral vice and corrupt
leadership
Medici’s fall and Savonarola becomes leader
 Destroys
anything that may lead to sin
 “bonfires of the vanities”

He eventually is excommunicated, tortured and
burned at same spot as the “bonfires”
Humanism
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Using the words provided, create a word-map explaining the
key concepts of Humanism and the Northern Renaissance.
As a small group, answer any questions that are included in the
word map.
You must be able to define and discuss all of the key terms
and events from this map. Keep in mind the readings from
Volume I on page 303-312
GUIDING QUESTION: Explain the ways in
which Italian Renaissance humanism
transformed ideas about the individual’s
role in society
Mysticism: Northern Renaissance
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Belief that the individual could commune with God
without priests or sacraments – not openly rebellious
against Catholicism, but roots of Reformation can be
found in northern Mysticism
North was more religious; a blend of the old and
new
Increase in # of laymen that show interest in religion
Seeds are planted for Reformation in Northern
Europe and Germany
HUMANISM
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Francesco Petrarch: examining classical texts would
bring about golden age of intellectual achievement
Humanism: study of works of ancient Latin and
Greek authors in order to understand human nature
 Linked
the decline of Latin language after death of
Cicero to death of Roman Republic

Platonic Academy established by Marsilio Ficino in
order to synthesize Christian and Platonic teachings
HUMANISM
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Giovanni Pico Della Mirandola believed man has no
fixed place and could rise or descend in the world
 No
limits to capabilities
 Virtù: ability to shape the world around them according
to their own will…rise above one’s background
 On the Dignity of Man (1486)
EDUCATION
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Study in the classics provides essential skills for
future diplomats, lawyers, leaders, etc.
Latin Grammar and rhetoric  Roman history and
political philosophy  Greek lit. and philosophy
Castiglione’s The Courtier: 1528; described the
ideal gentleman
 Similar
to what the ideal gentleman looks like today?
 How-to manual for those looking to climb social ladder
POLITICAL THOUGHT
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Humanist picture of an ideal ruler
Bruni: republicanism was best form
Plato: one enlightened single individual is best
“Civic Humanism” – need for educated men to be
active in political affairs of their city
Machiavelli: Civic humanist
Secretary to governing body after Medici
 Arrested when Medici’s come back to power
 The Prince; function of a ruler is to preserve order by any
means necessary
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“Safer for the prince to be feared than loved…” Thoughts?

First guide to politics
CHRISTIAN HUMANISM
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Believed that best elements of classical and
Christian cultures should be combined
Studied Hebrew, Greek and Latin
Thomas More: Utopia (1516)
Erasmus
 Education
is means to reform and core of education
should be study of Bible and the classics
 “Philosophy of Christ” – not formalism, ceremonies or
laws but an inner attitude of the heart
Discussion Question
What were the key ideas of the Renaissance, and how
were they different for men and women and for southern
and northern Europeans?


Pg. 382-383 and ?’s on 383
Renaissance Art
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Classical Antiquity such as Pagan Gods
 Botticelli’s
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Giotto adds emotionality
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Birth of Venus
Masaccio uses perspective and proportion
Realism
1420s in Florence
 Perspective
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and Proportionality (Masaccio)
Commissions start w/ guilds, ultimately princely
courts
Renaissance Art
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New: landscape painting and portraiture
Northern Europe: Oil-based paint
 Jan
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van Eyck and Rogier van der Weyden
Women are not included (except Artemisia
Gentileschi)
Mannerism: Titian; distortion and exaggeration to
convey drama and emotion
QUIZ over
Chapter 13:
European
Society in the
Age of the
Renaissance
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DBQ on page A-10 to A-12
Complete this over the weekend
We will peer edit, review and revise in
class on Tuesday
You will then have the opportunity to rewrite it if you choose before I grade it
Focus on thesis, point of view and
grouping
Society and Culture
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What were the key social hierarchies in Renaissance
Europe, and how did ideas about hierarchy shape
people’s lives?
Race, People, and nation used interchangeably
Class not used but social distinctions based on
wealth were common
 Basic
medieval social order remained
Social Hierarchies

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Built on those of Middle Ages and evolved into
modern social hierarchies of race, class and gender
Hierarchy based on function in society (order) vs.
wealth
 Within
hierarchy of order, wealthy commoner is lower
than poor nobility
 New types of elite based on political and marital
alliances
 Wealthy merchants emerged in towns as top of
hierarchy of wealth
Debates about Women

Debates about women
 Character,
intellect, nature, type of education they
receive
 Virtous wife and domestic ideal even though many
women worked (Much less pay)
 Role of Elizabeth I of England and Isabella of Castile?
 Social
 Devious
rank or gender more important?
or loyal?
 Subordinate to men
PRINTING PRESS
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Developed in Germany in 1440s by Johann
Gutenberg
Expanded market for reading materials
 Increase
in urban literacy
 Development of primary schools
 Opening of more universities
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Print shops were gathering places for people
interested in new ideas
Stimulated the literacy of laypeople
Most important invention ever?
Slavery
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Black slaves coming to Europe in 15th century, also
had white slaves
1530 – Portuguese sold 4K-5K each year to Seville,
Barcelona, Marseilles, and Genoa
In some cities, slaves and free blacks made up 10%
of population
In Western Europe, free blacks worked in virtually
all occupations and even intermarried with Spanish
in Iberian Peninsula
European Politics

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Within your group, create a family tree of your
assigned country. Include dates that people ruled,
how they came to power, and include any specific
information regarding Europe at this time.
Work to complete the chart provided
 Political
leaders
 State of the Economy
 Social Issues
 Important Institutions
 State of Religion
 Key Terms
Sample FRQs

As a group, discuss the three sample FRQ’s in your
AP Euro Study Guide
 To
what extent and in what ways may the Renaissance
be regarded as a turning point in the Western
intellectual and cultural tradition?
 Discuss how Renaissance ideas are expressed in the
Italian art of the period, referring to specific works and
artists.
 Explain the ways in which Italian Renaissance humanism
transformed ideas about the individual’s role in society.