Download Adaptations in Populations

Adaptations in Populations - Unit 8
Vesta - Biology
Name _________________________
Test Date _____________
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Biology Bell-Ringers
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make-ups.
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Unit LS-4: Adaptations in Populations
Objectives/ Learning Targets
I can:
1. Explain how the process of evolution primarily
results from five factors (five fingers of
evolution):
a. (1) the potential for organisms to increase
their population numbers,
b. (2) Differences in the traits of a species
are due to random genetic mutations
c. (3) Competition for limited environmental
resources
d. (4) Sexual selection can increase diversity
e. (5) Success of organisms better suited to
survive and reproduce in the
environment.
Learning
Target
#
1a
1b
1c
1d
1e
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2. Use data (numbers) to support the claim that
organisms with favorable heritable traits tend to
increase their populations sizes when compared
to organisms without this favorable trait.
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3. Based on evidence, explain how natural selection
leads to the adaptation of populations.
4. Explain how changes in environmental conditions
may result in:
a. (1) increases in the number of individuals
of some species,
b. (2) emergence/creation of new species
over time,
c. (3) extinction of other species.
5. Simulate a solution which would control or
4a
4b
4c
5
reverse the negative impacts of human activity on
biodiversity.
6. Analyze populations across time based on
diagrams, graphs, and charts including the
emergence, fluctuations in size, and mass
extinctions of organisms.
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WORDS
PEOPLE TO KNOW
Abundance
Adaptation
Lamarck
Artificial selection
Competition
Darwin
Fitness
Isolation
Natural selection
Population

Behavioral

Geological

Reproductive
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Artificial Selection: Dog Breeding
1. Go to: http://pbskids.org/dragonflytv/games/game_dogbreeding.html
2. Fill in the chart as you work.
Level
Desired Trait
1
Black
Number of
Attempts
Observations/Explanation
2
Long
Hair
3
Medium
Floppy
Ears
4
Brown
Long Hair
5
Black
Long
Hair
Straight
Ears
6
Brown
Long
Hair
Floppy
Ears
3. Read and compare the articles in order to answer the questions below.
 Article One http://www.livescience.com/8420-incredible-explosion-dog-breeds.html
 Article Two http://sciencenordic.com/dna-reveals-new-picture-dog-origins
a. What claim is made in each article to answer: How did we get so many different kinds of dogs?
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b. What evidence is provided in each article to support their claim?
c. What does one do when provided with information like the information provided from the article?
Name of Dog
Original Breeding Basis
(Desired behavior/appearance)
4. People are breeding dogs based on looks and behavior… go to: http://www.akc.org/dog-breeds/
a. Choose any 3 breeds, click “history” and tell what characteristics they were breed for and why.
5. Google image “tea cup pups.” Why do you think that most people are now buying “tea cup dogs”? Give 3
different reasons.
6. Google search to find out some of the problems with tea cup pups. List at least 3 different problems people
have noticed.
7. Sum It Up: These tea cup dogs were not around 20 years ago. Think about the breeding game you played and
what you have read. Give a thorough explanation of where they came from.
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General Biology
Name:
Movie Worksheet
Charles Darwin: Evolutions Voice
1)
Charles Darwin's theory of evolution rocked the 19th century religious and intellectual world. Why was his theory so
revolutionary?
2)
Darwin is considered one of the most important figures in world history. Do you agree? If so, why? If not, why not?
3)
How did Darwin's theory change the world?
4)
Charles Darwin did poorly in school as a young boy. Why do you think he did so poorly?
5)
After Darwin dropped out from medical school, he began to study for the ministry. Why did he study for the ministry,
despite the fact that he did not have the "calling?"
6)
Darwin's voyage on the Beagle changed his life and world history. But he was apprehensive of the voyage. Why? Why did
he fear sailing on the Beagle?
7)
Why was it so important for Darwin to earn his father's respect and his teacher's respect?
8)
Charles Darwin became ill at a relatively young age. How did his illness change his life?
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9)
Darwin was hesitant to publish his findings because he knew they would create a controversy. What finally prompted him
to publish?
10) Discuss the response to “On the Origins of the Species.”
11) What are the main ideas behind Darwin's theory of evolution?
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Darwin : Natural Selection Notes
1. There is _______________ variation in _____________________
2. There is _________________/a _______________ for ______________ in nature—
for food, resources, mates, etc. Individuals which are more ________ in a specific
environment have a better chance of ______________ and ____________________ than less
fit organisms.
3. Over time, ______________________ will consist of organisms whose
____________________ variations aid _____________________ and
_____________________ in that environment.
Natural Selection
 Important note: The ______________ does not always mean the largest,
_______________, or smartest.
 Fitness depends upon specific _______________________ conditions.
 Sometimes fittest means ______________, best camouflaged, most disease resistant,
etc.
Evolution
 Natural Selection ____________ to _____________________, because natural
selection ________________ ___________________
 Evolution—change in a ___________________/________________ over time
Artificial Selection
 Sometimes evolution can be “_______-_____________”
 __________________ breeding— When humans breed exceptional plants and animals in order
to produce _______________ ___________________. Ex: racing horses, purebred dogs
Genetic ___________ “Evolution by ______________
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Darwin’s Natural Selection Worksheet
Name ___________________________________
Read the following situations below and identify the 5 points of Darwin’s natural selection.
1) There are 2 types of worms: worms that eat at night (nocturnal) and worms that eat during the
day (diurnal). The birds eat during the day and seem to be eating ONLY the
diurnal worms. The nocturnal worms are in their burrows during this time.
Each spring when the worms reproduce, they have about 500 babies but
only 100 of these 500 ever become old enough to reproduce.
a. What worm has natural selection selected AGAINST? ________________
FOR? _______________
b. Darwin's 5 points: Identify the 5 points in the scenario above.
Population has variations. _________________________________________________________________
Some variations are favorable. _____________________________________________________________
More offspring are produced than survive._________________________________________________
Those that survive have favorable traits. ____________________________________________________
A population will change over time. ________________________________________________________
2) There are 3 types of polar bears: ones with thick coats, ones with thin coats
and ones with medium coats. It is fall, soon to be winter. The temperatures
are dropping rapidly and the bears must be kept warm, or they will freeze to
death. Many of the bears have had ~2 cubs each but due to the extreme
temperatures, many mothers only have one cub left.
a. What bear will natural selection select AGAINST? __________________ FOR? ________________
b. Darwin's 5 points: Identify the 5 points in the scenario above.
Population has variations. _________________________________________________________________
Some variations are favorable. _____________________________________________________________
More offspring are produced than survive._________________________________________________
Those that survive have favorable traits. ____________________________________________________
A population will change over time. ________________________________________________________
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3) In ostriches, there are 2 types: ones that run fast and those that run slowly. The fast birds can
reach up to 40 miles an hour. Jackals love to eat ostrich, and they can reach speeds
of up to 35-40
miles per hour. A flock of ostrich will lay ~ 10 eggs (each
mother only lays 1), but many rodents break into the eggs and eat the fetus before
they hatch.
a. What ostrich will natural selection select AGAINST? _________________ FOR? _______________
b. Darwin's 5 points: Identify the 5 points in the scenario above.
Population has variations. _________________________________________________________________
Some variations are favorable. _____________________________________________________________
More offspring are produced than survive._________________________________________________
Those that survive have favorable traits. ____________________________________________________
A population will change over time. ________________________________________________________
4) There are two types of rabbits: those that strictly eat grass and those that strictly eat berries
and flowers. A drought occurs one year, and the plants have difficulty
producing any extras (flowers, berries, etc.).They can only try and keep
themselves green. The rabbits have had babies all year long but many are
eaten by foxes or hawks. Due to the drought, many have starved to death.
a. What rabbit will natural selection select AGAINST? _________________ FOR? ________________
b. Darwin's 5 points: Identify the 5 points in the scenario above.
Population has variations. _________________________________________________________________
Some variations are favorable. _____________________________________________________________
More offspring are produced than survive._________________________________________________
Those that survive have favorable traits. ____________________________________________________
A population will change over time. ________________________________________________________
5) Bob believes that giraffes have long necks because they have stretched their necks to try and
reach food that is high in trees. Since the parent had stretched its neck, it passed the
long neck on to its offspring. Ryan believes that giraffes have long necks because the
ones with long necks were able to reach the food, and those with short necks could not
and died. The long necked giraffes reproduced, and soon all of the giraffes had long
necks.
a. Who thinks like Lamarck? ___________________________________
b. Who thinks like Darwin? ____________________________________
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Mechanisms of Evolution—how it happens
 Populations (______________) evolve, ____________ individuals.
 Evolution occurs when a population’s _____________ frequencies change over ____________.
 ____________ pool—a population’s _________________ genes
 ________________ frequency—The % of an allele in a ______________ (ex: 25% “t” in a pea
plant population)
 ____________________ Equilibrium—When the allelic frequency remains the ____________
over generations (____ evolution) This can happen when there is _____ movement ______
or _____ ____ a population.
 So, when a population in _________ in genetic equilibrium, when the gene pool changes,
populations _____________.
 When _________________ occur, creating ________ alleles, and individuals with that
mutation _______________ and _________________, the gene _________ is altered, leading
to _____________________.
Natural Selection Revisited
 There are 3 types of natural selection:
 _________________ Selection—the average individual is selected for
 _________________ Selection—Both extreme variations of a trait are selected for
 _________________ Selection—One extreme variation of a trait is selected for
Genetic Drift
 _______________ drift—Changes in the allelic ____________________ of a population due to
______________ events.
 ______________ effect—evolution as the result of a _____________ of a small
_______________ of a population to a _____ environment.
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 Population ___________________—When an environmental catastrophe drastically reduces
the numbers of a population, ____________________ huge amounts of ______________
diversity. Ex: humans 70,000 years ago
Speciation
 _______________________—Evolution of a new species
Reproductive Isolation
 ______________________ isolation—When subgroups of a population can no longer
interbreed and produce fertile offspring
 ________________ isolation—isolation due to different courtship rituals or reproductive
strategies
Ex: Eastern & Western Meadowlark songs
 ________________ Isolation—Isolation due to population groups reproducing at
__________________ times.
Ex: flowers being pollinated at different times of the year
 ________________ isolation—Isolation of populations due to geographic barriers
Ex: South American and African monkeys
Adaptive Radiation
 ___________________ Radiation—When one ancestral species spreads out geographically,
and many new species form over time.
 One species radiates ______________ and each subgroup _____________ to its own unique
_______________________
 Speciation of multiple species from one _________________ species—a type of
_______________________ evolution
Ex: “__________________ Finches” of the ___________________ Islands
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Darwin’s Finches—Adaptive Radiation
___________________ lead to Evolution
 ______ mutations can lead to _________ genes/new __________ in individuals
_____________ a population.
 If these new _____________ are favorable in the __________________ environment, and help
it _____________ and __________________, then the genes will be ______________ on to
offspring.
 The greatest potential for ____________________ change would involve a _______________
population, with ________________ mutations
Mutations and bacteria
 ___________________ Resistance—DNA mutations in ______________ can prevent them
from being _____________ by __________________. They _______________, then continue
to grow and ______________ as bacteria do. Soon, all of _______ type of bacteria has evolved
________________.
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VIDEO GUIDE BOZEMAN BIOLOGY – SPECIATION AND EXTINCTION
http://www.bozemanscience.com/007-speciation-and-extinction
1. Define speciation
2. Define extinction.
3. How is the interaction between dragonfly larva and sticklebacks an example of natural selection?
4. Why is there is so much diversity among honeycreepers in Hawaii.
5. What does “extant” mean?
6. How many “mass extinctions” has the earth experienced?
7. List some possible causes of mass extinctions.
8. Describe what scientists suspect happened during the K-T extinction. What EVIDENCE do they have for
this?
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STAPLE YOUR ISLANDS DESCRIPTION HERE
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Make a hypothesis
here before you go
on!
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Enrichment
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Biodiversity Project – Endangered Species Part 1
Fill out the following information for your endangered species.
Common Name ___________________________
Place a dot on the map using
marker that shows where your
endangered animal lives.
Print out and glue a
picture of your
animal here
TAXONOMY
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Scientific Name
Genus and species
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Endangered species Notes About Your Animal
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Biodiversity Part 2
How do humans impact biodiversity?
For each; tell what it is, give examples and tell how we can stop it.
Habitat Destruction
Introduction of invasive species
Pollution
Hunting
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Biodiversity Part 3 – Why do humans care if organisms become extinct?
Each person in your group was assigned a different article.
Summarize your article below.
Take notes on what the other group members say about their articles below.
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Biodiversity Part 4
What can humans do to help?
After researching, write or type a short essay. Include at least 2 quotes with citations in your
paper along with a work cited of at least 3 sources at the end. (using easy bib is fine). Staple
typed paper here or any additional hand written pages.
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