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Ancient Greece Ms. Orville Do now: How is ancient Greece remembered? Geography of Greece * Greece is a small country in Europe. * Greece is near the Mediterranean Sea. * The main part of Greece is on a peninsula. * A peninsula is a body of land surrounded by water on three sides. * The rest of Greece is made up of islands. Do Now: What type of map is this? Map of the Mediterranean world Geography of Ancient Greece The geography of Greece encouraged the growth of independent communities that shared a common culture Many islands & a peninsula Archipelago- chain of islands Mountains are a major landform Only 1/5 of the land is good for growing crops Impact of Geography on Greece Isolation/seclusion Greek communities thought of themselves as different countries Each community developed its own customs and beliefs Protection Mountains The Mediterranean Sea Impact of Geography on Greece: mountains Isolation/seclusion Greek communities thought of themselves as different countries Each community developed its own customs and beliefs Protection Mountains formed natural boundaries & protection Delphi Greek City-States Because Greece is made up of many islands, and has many tall mountains, the Greeks began to build citystates instead of one country. A city-state is a city with its own laws, rulers, and money. City-states were cities that acted like countries. Religious beliefs Polytheistic: worshipped many gods Told in myths [[Greek mythology]] Gods and Goddesses 12 great gods led by Zeus Immortal- lived forever One god was honored by each city-state Athena- Athens Greek Gods & Goddesses Zeus- king of the gods (married to Hera) Hera- the queen of gods and goddesses Hermes- god of travel Hades- god of the underworld Poseidon – god of the ocean Aphrodite- goddess of love Ares- god of war Apollo- god of music, sun, prophecies Demeter- god of agriculture Hephaestus- god of fire, metalworking The Oracles Sacred sites where gods spoke Head of state often sought advice there Origins of Greek civilization Minoans on the island of Crete developed a sea trade network and a vibrant culture, then declined in the middle of the 1400s BCE After the Myceneans came to power, focus moved to the mainland Around 1400 BCE the Mycenaeans controlled the Aegean Sea and parts of the Mediterranean Sea Mycenaeans wrote and spoke an early form of modern Greek Mycenaeans conquered others Trojan War- epic poems: The Iliad and The Odyssey by Homer City-states developed Family farms developed into villages Sparta Sparta was a Greek city-state. Sparta was very powerful and had its own army. Sparta conquered other citystates to gain wealth and power. There were three classes of people in Sparta. Citizens, non-citizens, and slaves. http://www.ancientgreece.co. uk/sparta/story/sto_set.html Sparta’s Classes Only men born in Sparta were citizens. Women were not allowed to become citizens, however, women were allowed to own land and businesses, which gave them more freedom than other Greek city-states. The second class in Sparta was people who came from other city-states or other countries. They could own businesses but not become citizens. The third class was slaves. http://www.history.com/topics/spartans/videos#deconstructinghistory-spartans The Golden age of Athens Period of 479-431 BCE Sources of Wealth Trade Silver Tribute- payments made to Athens by its allies Pericles Powerful in Athenian politics Supported Democracy Introduced reforms Constructions of Parthenon and reconstruction of the Acropolis http://www.ancientgreece.co.uk/athens/story/sto_set.html Parthenon Greek Architecture Architecture Columns Frieze Influence on America Video: secrets of the Parthenon http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=video%3a+secrets+o f+the+parthenon&view=detail&mid=573A4492FB50B5D2E1B 6573A4492FB50B5D2E1B6&first=0&FORM=NVPFVR&qpvt=vid eo%3a+secrets+of+the+parthenon Greek life: http://app.discoveryeducation.com/search?N=18341+42949 48812&browseFilter=d_Service:DE Streaming,#selItemsPerPage=60&intCurrentPage=0&No=0&N =4294948812%252B18342&Ne=18339&Ntt=&Ns=p_wtd%257C 1&Nr=&browseFilter=d_Service%253ADE%2BStreaming%252C &indexVersion=&Ntk=All&Ntx=mode%252Bmatchallpartial Visual and Dramatic Arts -flourished during the golden age Dramas Comedies Athenians were first to write dramas Made fun of well-known citizens and politicians Greek tragedies were famous Because of the freedom in Athens, people accepted humor and jokes A serious story that usually ends in disaster for the main character Tragedies were preformed as part of the religious festivals Olympics The first Olympics were in the year 776 BC. They were first held in a valley at the base of Mt. Olympus. The original games were held to honor the god Zeus. The games turned into a way to see which polis had the greatest warriors. Modern Olympics Revived in 1896 and first hosted in Athens, Greece No women allowed to take part First women participants: 1900 French games Medals replaced the laurel wreaths Munich, 1972 Olympic games in Munich, Germany Terrorists took several Israeli athletes hostage They were killed as they were being rescued Government of Greece Greece’s traditionally independent cities provided the foundations of government for government by the people Democracy developed in Greece Around 750 BCE villages joined together to form citystates with their own government and laws. Most city-states were controlled by aristocrats Middle classes eventually took over government Around 594 BCE, Solon reformed the laws of Athens Athens became the leading democracy of the ancient world Only men with Athenian parents could be citizens in Athens The Phoenician World Greek Alphabet -The Greeks borrowed their alphabet from the Phoenicians. -Most European languages, including English borrowed ideas from the Greek alphabet. The Greek Alphabet Side A: Teacher and student with writing tablet Photograph by Maria Daniels, courtesy of the Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Preußischer Kulturbesitz: Antikensammlung, February - March 1992 Side B: teacher and student with stylus Science and Philosophy Philosophers (believed that people could use powers of the mind and reason to understand natural events) Introduced new ways to think about the world Sophists cleverly debated topics in public Socrates asked questions that made people think about what they believed, but was condemned to death Plato distrusted democracy- founded a schoolwrote The Republic his view of ideal society Aristotle believed reason should guide the pursuit of knowledge Socrates Socrates was a philosopher of Ancient Greece. A philosopher is someone who tries to explain the nature of life. Socrates taught by asking questions. This method of questioning is still called the Socratic method. Plato Plato was a student of Socrates. He started a school called The Academy. Plato’s writing took the form of a dialogue between teacher and student. Aristotle Aristotle was another Greek philosopher and student of Plato. He wrote about science, art, law, poetry, and government.