Download (Sapindaceae) mainly Paranephelium investigation, species of (wall

BLUMEA
29
(1984)
425-441
A taxonomic revision of paranephelium(Sapindaceae)
Maria
Davids
Rijksherbarium, Leiden,
The Netherlands
Contents
Summary
425
Introduction
425
Paranephelium
426
Notes
428
References
Key
to the
430
species
of Paranephelium
!
430
1.
Paranephelium spirei
2.
Paranephelium macrophyllum King
3.
Paranephelium joannis
4.
Paranephelium xestophyllum Miq
Excluded
Index
Lecomte
430
432
M. Davids
434
437
440
taxa
to collections
440
Name index
441
Summary
Paranephelium Miq. (Sapindaceae)
this revision
four
species
are
described,
is
a
small
genus
of which
one
is
from
Southeast
Asia
and West Malesia.
In
new.
Introduction
Paranephelium
is
small genus
a
tribe of the
Cupanieae.
fact
true
that
a
in
the
It is
Sapindaceae.
placed
Within this tribe, it is well delimitedand
terminal leaflet is
in the
pantropical
recognisable by
the
present. Furthermore, the seed is
nearly always
quite remarkable, resembling exactly the seed of the horsechestnut (Aesculus, Hippo-
castanaceae).
This character it has in
common
with
the
closely
allied genus Amesio-
dendron.
At
caused
the
the
start
quite
a
of this
problem.
fruits, in which
grapher,
fruits.
Radlkofer
Similarly,
a
investigation,
wide range of
(1931—33),
the
the
The flowers show
based
eight species
he
search for
no
whole
can
be
system
distinguished
in
to
separate
differences, in
significant
(wall) types
his
characters
distinguished.
of the
species
contrast
The
with
mono-
family primarily
Paranephelium
were
on
mainly
BLUMEA
426
based
on
different fruit wall types. This is
he himself
before,
years
Analogie
dessen,
moglich,
dass
flachen.'
(It
die
show, the sharp
processes of the
matter.
nephelium,
Radlkofer
the fruit wall
fruits
at
his
Of the
(1933:
he
the
ist
Fortsatze
spitzen
and
Euphoria-
his
changed
used
1322)
distinguish
to
the
species,
mind later
the size
mainly
and
he had
though
even
finding that,
'Nach
sehr wohl
es
spater sich
ver-
Xerospermum- species
on.)
young fruits flatten later
Unfortunately,
when
Paranephelium (1879: 80):
about
ziemlich
like
that,
1984
2,
Xerospermum-Arten zeigen,
Frucht
jungen
quite possible,
is
und
No.
29,
particularly astonishing,
following
Euphoria-
der
an
the
wrote
die
was
him in this
on
VOL.
-
I
can
shape
agree with
fully
In his
on.
of Para-
key
of the
mostly only
processes
immature
disposal.
Radlkofer described,
eight species
characters. Besides,
collected in
another still
species
appeared
to
I studied material from the herbaria CAL,
revision,
vegetative
on
Borneo,
in
occur
time.
more recent
For this
based
kept three,
I have
undescribed
and
FI, K, L, M, P,
SING.
I wish
and
to
thanks
many
express
experienced
of
guidance
to
tutor, Dr. P.W. Leenhouts, for his patient
my
work.
my
PARANEPHELIUM
Sumatra
Paranephelium Miq.,
Paranephelius Poeppig
75.1). -Type:
Mildea
Ann.
Miq.,
(1866)
63
P.
Mus.
Bot.
in
Hiern
to
medium-sized
axial parts
of leaves
cent; hairs
solitary,
with
corresponding
grey
1.5
to
developing.
not
at
brown
mm
the leaflets
terete,
in
Pflanzenr.
(1843) 42,
Fl.
3
(1867) 88,
nom.
xestophyllum Miq. (=
Brit.
India
to
trees,
1
98
(1933) 1321-1326; non
248
t.
illeg.;
P.
675.
(1875)
no
the lobed
shrubs.
(Compositae;
see
ICBN
PI.
Cub.
ramiflorum
Hiern
Griseb.,
non
Cat.
xestophyllum).
—
Type:
S.
yellow puberulous
smooth
to
triangular thickened,
Leaflets (sub)opposite,
(in
tate; apex
emarginate
or
or
with fine
not
wrinkled
with
at
sometimes
glabres-
5-grooved,
fissures, light yel-
few
(until cracked)
to
many
the base
the lower
paripinnate,
stipulate, glabrous
to
one
1—6-jugate,
hairy; petiole
and hollowed above,
small lenticels;
thickened,
than those of the lateral
the
petiolules
petiolule
of the
wrinkled.
widest about, sometimes above the middle,
especially
(rarely)
the lowermost
young
leaflets, variably
longer
mostly
the terminal leaflet
the middle
smooth,
variably grooved,
terminal leaflet somewhat
tomentose,
leaf-axil, mostly only
or
in size towards the top,
conical,
to
terete, sometimes
verrucose
in the
two
spirally arranged, impari-
to
Twigs
buds,
on
branching points),
at
redbrown, often with many small orbicular lenticels
buds often
ribbed
Indumentum
twigs (especially
on
scales.
glandular
pith,
blackish
to
sometimes
infructescences,
and
accrescent
winged, finely
in
M.
often still present
simple;
diam.;
Leaves
the base
cylindrical
so
Lugd.-Bat.
Hook.f.,
inflorescences,
up
3
Sp.
xestophyllum).
Small
or
Gen.
xestophyllum Miq.
shoots and
low
Nov.
(Piperaceae). -Type:
Scyphopetalum
(=
P.
(1861) 509; Radlk., Engl.
Endl.,
&
pair),
rounded
the
uppermost pair
thick
to
papery
ro
of
leaflets,
seldom beneath
coriaceous; margin entire
caudate. Nervation
open,
midrib and
to
den-
nerves
M. Davids:
raised
sunken
to
is
florous
or
mainly
the
at
several-flowered
different
(of
length; pedicels
up
for
ing
persistent
in
the
1
to
up
a
shaped;
at
induplicate
after
quincuncial,
boat-shaped, entire,
while the
fruit
unguiculate
scale
petalar
ler than
petal,
and
fleshy
and
filaments
the
tubercle
hairy; (1
flat
densely
at
strongly
(see
or
to
set
with
knob
±
disc
entirely,
+
rim
2)
3
one
Stamens
thick
of
long
lobes up
without
to
x
mm
1.5
1
in
mm
thickened and
vestigial
lignified,
the base,
at
ribbed
mm
or
style,
still
enlarging
obtriangular,
to
to
absent. Petals
glands
rhom-
the base
at
laxly woolly;
to
sometimes smal-
margin emarginate
erect
to
curved in-
to
orange
loculicidal,
to
or
the
margin
adnate
3
high (see fig.
c),
mm
on
the
set
further
connate
to
erect to
the
glabrous;
at
narrow, dehiscence lateral.
densely
long,
to
all thin
anthers attached
length;
extremely
long,
sometimes
corrugated
flat
to tomen-
exserted in male flowers,
diam., laxly
with tubercles, each
glabrous
strongly
to
(stiff-)woolly.
minutely
to
pistil, longer
densely
short
curved
Ovules
1
than the
strigose; stigbackwards,
conical, 0.5—1
per
x
0.5—1
cell,
on
a
ascending, epitropous. Infructescences
drooping, glabrous
fig. 3d-g) capsular, (depressed-)globular,
densely
1
0.8—2 mm,
to
the thickened base of the central axis,
valves, starting
to
glandular hairs; pistillode 3-angled
a
cup-
spreading
±
linear,
to
quite late,
upper
half their
connective
hair up
and 0.3—0.5
with short
spiny,
up
free,
reaching
0.8—2
erect
+
(or 4) cells; style simple, apical
mm
ovate
petal, larger
flat ring but for
a
5—8(—9),
hairs,
receptacle
mostly glabrous
the
±
undulate, both sides orange woolly, particularly
staminodes
sparse
1—4-lobed;
or
to
unisexual,
aestivation apert
free,
obdeltoid,
roundish,
to
tubular collar
to
flowering branch,
nearly totally reduced,
outside
adnate
linear,
to
often bear-
yellow pubescent
off
axes
same
flower-parts; plant
separate lobes, upper (and side) margin
globular, sessile,
bearing
shaped:
broadly truncate,
thread-like, red;
1—3.5
ovary,
mm,
variably
obtriangular
dark
falling
to
base, rarely bearing
a
infructescences),
broadly
dense
many
deltoid
large
to
margin ciliate,
half orbicular, sometimes
erect
glabrous.
Pistil: ovary
ma
an
the
at
the
upper margin. Disc composed
receptacle
the
to
sepals,
narrowly
the
(in
aestivation apart,
margin
to
narrowly triangular,
of
the
connate
unequal,
outside white
plate
into
numbers
with
together
to
divided into 2
wards, covering
different
branches,
of about the
axes
bracteoles
rami-
solitary
many
rule, 5-merous, functionally
a
very
with
infructescences);
developing
receptacle
sericeous,
base and lower
at
the
medially
the
than
in the
cymule;
a
persistent
±
petaloid,
not
ovate
the
to
sometimes
develops,
boid, spatulate,
slenderly
to
inside white
(4-)5(—7), longer
as
with
irregular
transition
equal
tose/velutinous,
into
actinomorphic
and
with few
set
in diam.; bracts
mm
the lower of which
(4—)5(—7)-merous,
the
to
anthesis,
0.2—0.5
when the
or
axillary,
the top, several
to
dense cluster of
a
(even remaining
developing
very
Calyx
sepals
time
oblique-erect,
increasing
together
long,
mm
buds,
Flowers
mm.
monoecious.
at
long
sometimes
one
sometimes
regular,
or
3.5
to
the axil 2 serial
upper
form
may
ending blindly,
Inflorescences
the main axis
together;
their number
cymules,
often
tooth.
a
unbranched; branches
to
orders)
in
thyrsoid, large, stout, woody
erect,
flexible and clustered
base,
either
nerves
ending
one
427
of Paranephelium
prominent;
second
(mostly pseudo)terminal,
small, delicate,
to
beneath
above,
dentate each
margin
Revision
dehiscing
to tomentose.
either with 3
irregularly tearing apart;
smooth,
outside
glabrous
or
4
fruit wall
to
Fruits
(unequal)
warty
to
minutely hairy,
428
BLUMEA
inside
hairy, densely
2.5-12
any)
to
spines,
sometimes still
or
a
one
of
bulging (composed
(vestigially)
testa
short, thick, lignified funicle;
the septae,
dark
on
which the 2
5—7
to
the
hard
1.5—4
0.5-0.8
shell,
aril,
cm, no
mm
thick,
(or 1) undeveloped
ovules
ventral,
(see fig. 3i);
(see fig. 3h);
testa
a
thickened
slightly-bent; cotyledons
±
at
2-
the
remnants
a
for the
of
white
large
close-
integument
triangular pouch
sec-
attached with
hilum
inner
a
slightly
±
often covered with the membranaceous
embryo, coriaceous, forming
6—7 mm; rootlet
x
a
1.5—2.7 x
% of the surface of the
to
spot covering up
ly adhering
redbrown,
to
1, sometimes
depressed-globular,
developed, horsechestnut-like,
above the
protruding
Seed
style.
if
(incl. spines
inconspicuous; top flat,
to
sometimes
spines),
connate
wall
woody fibres,
the remainder of the
bearing
3-lobed in accordance with the valves,
hilum, glossy
1984
2,
of radial
loosely composed
to
No.
29,
thick; valves clearly separated by ridges
mm
sunken
ond
VOL.
-
rootlet,
equal, longitudinally
superposed.
Distribution. Four
Burma)
unto
specimen
statement
Ecology.
forest,
part
near
Philippines
Mainly
later
trees
on
in his
treatment
sometimes in
dry
or
does
are
cite his
not
eastward found
(1931: 16)
source,
men-
does he
nor
of the genus.
or
m.
eaten
of the
higher understorey
forest, especially
in
secondary forest, rarely
In Borneo, the seeds
(Yunnan, Hainan,
most
1 & 2. Radlkofer
evergreen
0-300(-700)
Asia
the
Borneo),
figures
see
of the lower canopy
forest,
Southeast
in
and
from Celebes. He
and the lower hillside; altitude
sal of the seeds.
N
(Sumatra
(122° E),
mixed deciduous
streams,
25°
from
Malesia
key Paranephelium
confirm this
rain
species,
S in West
the
on
tions in his
5°
Nothing
primary
in the moist
scrub; typical
of lowlands
is known about the
by monkeys, possibly
also
disperother
by
mammals.
Uses.
seeds
was
the genus is
Economically
firewood. The
as
used
as
seeds
are
illuminant;
an
not
eaten, baked
The
really important.
or
cooked,
and
it is also used for skin
wood is
in the past
merely good
the oil from the
complaints.
NOTES
Leaves
Although
only
one
the
species,
main
P.
species, paripinnate
leaves
exclusively paripinnate
his
new
species
P.
genus character is the presence of
macrophyllum,
are
leaves.
that
hardly
a
terminal
regularly found, though
no
collections
Remarkably, Gagnepain (1947: 165)
poilanei 'paripenne',
there
leaflet,
is
deviates from this rule. In the other
were
seen
with
calls the leaves of
whereas among his syntypes,
no
paripinnate
leaf has been found.
In
stop
a
two
P.
species,
abruptly
widely emarginate
Sex
of the flowers
The
xestophyllum
in very
flowers
large leaflets,
and P.
joannis,
while the
the
growth
mesophyll
is still
apex and towards the apex betweenthe
of the midrib
developing;
nerves
seems to
this
causes
bulging mesophyll.
and monoecism
are
functionally unisexual, containing
dehiscent staminodes
or
developed
stamens
and
a
either
small
a
developed pistil
and in-
pistillode. Sometimes,
both
M.
well
equally
are
organs
Davids:
Revision
429
of Paranephelium
that the
developed, suggesting
flower
could be bisexual
as
well.
Most
collections bear
flowers of
male and female
both
In the latter
only.
one sex
flowers, though
dioecism may
case
some
bear
to
seem
occur.
Flowers
In all
in which
cur,
flower had
a
filiform
initial of
flower
one
in
cates
this
ment
of the
his
From
a
num-
oc-
one
this could be the
entirely
an
exceptional
mixed
with
up,
pistil.
the
notes
from the filaments
in
Flowers
the other lobes;
petals;
seemed
filaments
have been misled
must
as
grown. In
wrongly
organs
by
or
by
to
be
hairy
the local
and
lengthwise
loose hairs from the
indi-
even
detach-
petals.
early stage
or
laxly
set
be found within
The
valves
one
by
or
a
with
It
the
fruits
contributed
woody already,
are
covered with
flattened
wall is
spines
or
spines
be stressed
hardly
can
to
same
the under-
bulbs.
or
with
of
composed
bulbs,
or
thick wall and
very
dense
a
woody
Finally,
the surface may be
densely
covered with
that
enough
a
different wall
stout
types
even
collection.
one
matures.
collected from the
Leighton 59,
considerably
three small seeds. The
be about
can
seed
on,
densely
mature.
has
months,
of the fruit.
development
very
when
spines
material from Borneo, M.
new
fibres and is
smooth
dom,
he
drawings;
around the
testa
only
the
replacing
interval of several
an
of the
standing
can
of the
primordia
bud
and
given.
Nooteboom 131 7 shows
sepal.
with the
alternating
right place
big
as
irregularities
are
(see fig. 3d—g)
with
radial
the
examples
twice
are
show
may
few
a
of the fifth
place
the disc
972) incorrectly
epidermis
The arrival of
hard
lobes
sepal
the
on
at
the
vegetative
Gagnepain (1950:
tree
not
(JPoilane 20287)
a
of the
organ
petals. Only
and
organ outside
but
the flowers
macrophyllum,
sepals
two
or
petal,
a
of
petal-like
a
hairy
for instance
Fruits
P.
species except
ber, size, and shape
The
complete
in size,
equal
which
fruit opens either
desintegration,
the
is remarkable
as
in the whole fruit
dehiscence of the valves,
by
woody
fibres
loosing
their
or
at ran-
structure
and
falling apart.
There
phelium
and
seems
to
be
in his tribe
the
fact
that
some
the
a
description, only
Unfortunately,
most
described
characterised
also
mature
are
an
be
by
fruits opening with valves,
irregular.
Muller & Leenhouts
Cupanieae
sizes of
fruits collected
Miquel (1861: 509)
enlarged
may
Nephelieae.
close connection between the
In the
the
which is
dehiscence
characterises Radlkofer's
ed
contradiction between Radlkofer's inclusion of Parane-
Cupanieae,
and the
An
irregular
(1976:
418—
dehiscence
419) suggest-
Nephelieae.
(that is, dehiscent)
fruits have been
given.
immature.
aril around
the seed. This
aril turned
out
to
be
hilum with the membranaceous remnants of the septae.
Amesiodendron Hu
Amesiodendron is the genus
it
A.
was
at
first described. It is
integrifoliatum
most
closely
monotypic,
and A. tienlinensis
the
allied
to
Paranephelium
only species being
probably
are
synonyms).
A.
in which genus
chinense (of which
430
BLUMEA
The
Leaves
der and
long
stout,
1.5
genera differ
two
short,
up
8
to
the
not
1984
2,
two
sufficiently
in
in
the
in the seed and in the
main
follows:
are as
towards the
size
The
them separate.
keep
top; petiolule slen-
small, always narrowly elliptic (3.5—4
serrate; veins and veinlets very
branching
are
genera
to
Paranephelium
accrescent
Leaflets
long.
mm
wide); margin
even
cymules.
Flowers
relatively small;
times
Inflorescences
conspicuous.
disc smaller than
diam.; filaments hairy; ovary 3-lobed, without tubercles, shortly haired.
in
globular (if
bilobed
leaflets
paripinnate,
as
mm
Fruits
not
the
Still,
in which Amesiodendron differs from
points
as
resemblances between the
striking
most
flowers.
No.
29,
VOL.
-
1
plus
seed is
one
bump
bumps (being
the
suppressed
fruit wall knotted and dark
developed;
are
when immature, smooth and
woody
2
developed) plus
if 2 seeds
light coloured, woody
when
lobes),
coloured,
mature.
REFERENCES
F. 1947.
GAGNEPAIN,
1950.
MIQUEL,
MULLER,
Sapindacees
Fl. Gen.
Sapindacees.
F.A.W. 1860—61.
J. &
relation
nouvelles
to
In:
taxonomy.
1:
1976. A
The
en
hare
survey of
general
13: 63-72.
Syst.
915-989.
Sumatra, zijne plantenwereld
P.W. LEENHOUTS.
Notul.
litigieuses.
ou
Indo-Chine, Suppl.
of the
evolutionary significance
1-656.
voortbrengselen:
pollen types
exine.
in the
Linn.
Sapindaceae
Soc.
Symp.
in
Ser.
1: 407-445.
RADLKOFER,
L.
de botanists
1931-34.
1879.
etc.,
Ueber
reuni
Sapindaceae.
KEY
1
A.
In:
Hollandisch-Indiens.
Sapindaceen
Engler,
TO THE
a.
Margin
of the leaflets dentate
b.
Margin
of the leaflets entire
2a.
3
die
1877:
Amsterdam, en
a
Das
70-133,
Pflanzenreich
SPECIES
OF
Act.
Heft 98:
1-1539.
PARANEPHELIUM
2
3
Midrib of the leaflets above visible
b.
Midrib of the leaflets above
a.
Nerves
straight, abruptly
fig. 3a) (leaflets
in
diam.,
the
up
to
x
veins may
invisible
entirely sunken,
curving
52
l.P.
22
near
more
2. P.
large,
scalariform
densely
with
petiolules
lax; inflorescences stout,
curving
gradually;
sometimes scalariform;
diam.,
at
inflorescences
veins
leaflets
delicate,
laxly
to
up
up
to
20
reticulate
42
cm
x
14
(cf.
fig.
1. Paranephelium spirei
spirei Lecomte,
Pflanzenr.
Acta
98
(outside
Borneo up
to
up
30
Lo
seen), Hainan,
Notul.
Sin.
in
3
Syst.
2
(1955)
Anon.,
Yaxian.
to
(cf.
mm
cm
joannis
Borneo
4
mm
in
cm)
xestophyllum
Lecomte
(1911) 6;
(1933) 1326; Gagnep.,
Phytotax,
P. hairtanense
least 20
3b) (outside
cm), petiolules
4. P.
P.
least 4
at
3. P.
Nerves
spirei
macrophyllum
....
veins
margin;
if leaflets
cm),
become
the
long
b.
international
Congres
216-254.
Fl.
400.
Fl.
Fl.
-Type:
Hainan
3
Gen.
Indo-Chine
Gen. Indo-Chine
Spire
1158
(1974) 89, 575,
(P),
f.
1
(1912) 1026; Radlk., Engl.
Suppl.
Laos
587.
-
1
(1950) 972;
(Indochine):
Type:
How
&
Ho,
Cahn trap, fl.
Wang 45007 (not
M. Davids:
Tree, up
present
3.5—7.5
Twigs
1—2.5
1.6—11
margin,
Flowers
free,
1.2—2
woolly
the
up
bearing
wall
0.7
to
to
protruding
Field
to
6
to
up
mm
up
densely
curved
Petals
mm.
2—3
high,
4.2
spiny,
swelling.
dippled
and
dense,
Bole may
reddish
but said
scented, white
to
(like
be
to
yellow.
Distribution. China
sula.
Fig.
in
or
nerves
long
mm
long,
wide, widest
as
symmetrical
margin
to
slightly
(sometimes
to
strongly
to
branches
at
the
shaped,
up
16
0.8—1.7
x
diam.,
erect
2
(1)
or
Pometiaf,
by
sometimes
rounded,
outside
1—2
x
3—4.3
to
minutely hairy; top
firm,
7 or
fruit
cm;
broadly ovate,
fluted. Bark smooth
shortly
for
mm.
mostly single,
pyramidal
inner bark
to
flat
to
a
rugulose,
hard lamellate; wood hard
termites. Leaves all green. Flowers
Fruits dull brown
laxly
petal except
or
to
to
up
rim sometimes absent. Stamens
x
the
sometimes
to
mm,
3 cells. Infructescences
glabrous
or
or
1.5—2.5
lobes,
velutinous. Fruits 2.5—4
coppicing
to
acute
scale sometimes adnate to the
near
sometimes
bracts
cm,
connate
elliptic,
to
midribof
to
branched axis,
early, equal
very
1.2—2
angle
a stout
to
receptacle
ovate
an
densely reticulate,
terminal, mostly
to
slender-conical
attacked
at
curving abruptly
sometimes
broadly
laxly
strongly
brownish black.
to
Indochina
(Hainan),
minutely
beneath
—18(—25)
rachis
and the
(Laos, Vietnam)
Penin-
Malay
1.
CHINA.
Hainan.
INDOCHINA.
MALAY
Santisuk
46662,
Pen
Perak,
How
Laos.
& B. N.
Yala,
K.
Ecology.
corded from
Than
Tiang,
70602,
Spire
PENINSULA.
thiwat;
Hulu
a
flat;
to
5 (—7),
Pistil:
to
petiole,
acuminate, cuspidate
apex
divided into 2 separate
spines
be
base
bulging;
densely hairy;
and mucronate,
acute
rounded
nor
as
tooth; veins laxly
axillary
mm
long.
mm
laxly
notes.
2—3.7 times
to
long;
5, variably
fruits, glabrous
to
1
cm,
furrow)
glabrous; petalar
straight,
not
a
a
to
nerves
diam., petiolules
induplicate, opening
to
margin, emarginate
filament
in
of the
yellow, laxly
often rounded in the terminal leaflet. Nervation:
triangular, linear,
sometimes
upper
Disc
8,
to
in
long,
cm
quincuncial
0.5—1.8
x
(in
Inflorescences
narrowly
mm
mm
mostly regular. Sepals
aestivation
unequal,
ending
one
the base
on
pubescent.
to
often dark
obtuse—rounded-attenuate;
6
to
tomentose
brown,
and beneath, and
distant, gradually curving,
8—28
clustered,
mm.
tomentose
surface flat
long),
cm
dark
to
2—14.5
x
to
raised
nerves
mm
2nd
every
4
to
up
scalariform.
rarely
5
5—25
tooth up
a
above midrib and
laxly
acute
cuneate,
(acumen
55—75°,
1.5—3
long,
cm
thick papery,
middle,
dentate,
caudate
2—4-jugate, mostly
shrub. Indumentum often still
a
infructescences,
diam., smooth, light
sometimes midrib above
asymmetrical,
weakly)
d.b.h., rarely
in
cm
in diam. Leaflets 5—34
mm
about the
in
mm
petiolules,
hairy; petiole
20—30
high,
m
431
of Paranephelium
axial parts of leaves and
Leaves
tomentose.
and
25
to
twigs,
on
Revision
Cahn
Peninsular
362
To.
trap, type
Thailand.
(BKF), Banang Sata,
—
Perlis.
Ridley
Lau
of P.
584,
spirei.
Wong
Sangkhachand
Than To
110
Waterfall;
15108, Chupung.
-
Kam
=
9
BKF
Smitinand
Perak.
Dist.
Shan, Ngai
Vietnam.
-
collections.
32388,
10999
KEP/FRI
Nara-
=
BKF
15810,
Jeram Benuas.
In evergreen
moist
70746, Yaichow;
1158,
forest
or
gentle slopes;
Recorded fl. in March and
May,
fr.
sometimes in thicket, often
soil
clay, loam,
mainly
in
or
rocky
along rivers,
sand; alt.
May—July, though
also
100—500
re-
m.
also in other months.
432
BLUMEA
1.
Fig.
Range
Uses.
of
morphological
VOL.
Lecomte
Paranephelium spirei
The seed may be
Note. The
-
No.
29,
and P.
1984
2,
eaten.
slight disjunction
differences. In
in the distribution
Indochina,
twigs
area
is
and leaves
the apex of the terminal leaflet is much shorter than in the
2.
Paranephelium
P.
macrophyllum King,
Fl.
Craib,
Trees
Siam.
near
G.
J.
En.
f.
coll.
1
As.
Soc.
Beng. 65,
buds,
light
sely
long,
to
1021
(CAL,
widest about the
nerves;
and
dark brown. Leaves
mm
base
by
some
more
minor
hairy
and
Peninsula.
not
seen;
Pflanzeni.
Plants
iso
98
(1969)
Fl. Mai.
Pen.
1
(1922) 509;
(1933) 1323; Corner, Wayside
f. 118.
-Lectotype (present
K, L, M), Malacca, Perak,
on
limestone
rocks
1-1885.
young shoots
1.5-4
much
Malay
(1896) 450; Ridley,
211;Keng, Malayan Seed
Bujong Malaka,
hairy; petiole
ii
(1926) 334; Radlk., Engl.
Tree, sometimes shrub, 4.5—12
on
paralleled
are
macrophyllum King
(1952) 594,
author): King's
Miq.
xestophyllum
11.5-20
in diam.
middle,
symmetrical
m
high,
inflorescences,
10—40(—60)
tomentose.
3—5-jugate, glabrous
cm
long,
Leaflets
3—6
6-32
x
mm
in
3—13
or
asymmetrical,
in d.b.h. Indumentum
10-15
diam.; petiolules
cm,
cuneate,
mm
in
diam.,
sometimes midribbeneath spar5 —17( —27)
1.3—3.3 times
thick pergamentaceous, surface
to
cm
Twigs
often
especially
as
bulging
long
as
mm
wide,
between the
in the terminal leaflet,
M. Davids:
Revision
rounded, sometimes slightly attenuate; margin dentate,
to
apex
not.
45°
and
form,
the apex, 5-26
at
the
near
margin,
25—60
single,
ly late, equal,
angular
to
up
the
7
deltoid
Field
scarcely
notes.
1.5—3.3
rather
drooping,
young leaves
conical,
Erect
mm,
curved,
tree
sharp
weak
to a
outside
1
to
mm.
2-3
high,
(or4)
Fruits 2—3
Flowers
relative-
2.5—3.7
bole
Bark
bearing
densely spiny,
cm,
top flat
to
in diam. Sta-
mm
erect or
obtri-
5,
scale lobed
cells.Infructescences
x
glabrous;
spreading.
mm.
Petals
glabrous; petalar
flopping shrub,
the branches
1.2—2.3
x
scalari-
to
stout, often
quincuncial, opening
mm
pointed,
15
to
at
leaf,
abruptly curving
terminal,
bracts up
cm;
Pistil: 3
long.
mm
branch; glabrous.
pink
or
bright pink
crimson
light
white
stamens
hard, leathery,
protruding.
to
slightly slanting,
smooth, greenish
grey
to
to
dark
glossy,
pinkish
red; petals pink
to
red; ovary
when in full flower. Fruit
light
to
above,
green
paler beneath,
red, with the edge almost spiny, strongly ribbed by the
to
veins. Inflorescences
numerous
and
to
reddish.
to
white, petalar scale (bright) yellow hairy;
Flowers
said
style crimson;
to
be
fragrant; sepals cherry
splendid looking
a
tree
grey, rich red towards the centre,
greyish brown, silvery
to
(immature).
Distribution.
MALAY
(K),
s.n.
3.5
to
up
sometimes
to
40
to
Disc up
mm.
±
or
nerves
greyish brown; inner bark light red; wood white. Twigs reddish brown. Leaflets
pale
red
0.8-1.8
x
strongly branched,
to
axillary
long;
mm
mucronate
the central part of the
slightly curved,
to
4
to
tooth; venation lax, reticulate
a
ovate, acute, 1.0—2.1
broadly
6 per
to
up
slender
spines
x
filament
fruits,
in
in
connate, aestivation
receptacle
to
1.0—2.0
8,
or
16
ending
Inflorescences
the
at
65-80°
to
distant, straight
one
roundish, 1.0-2.0
to
emarginate,
mens
5,
base,
tomentose; branches up
cm,
regular. Sepals
the
at
mm
2nd
every
inconspicuous.
±
90°
midrib from
to
tooth up
midrib invisible;
deeply sunken,
nerves
a
abruptly short-acuminate,
±
sometimes
midrib and
Nervation: above
angle
an
rounded,
to
emarginate
433
of Paranephelium
PENINSULA.
Kedah
Cultivated
dens,
pore
De
Peninsula.
at
Peninsula:
Leiden
Botanic
2.
Thailand.
5
collections.
-
Kedah.
Bell
Haniff
&
17 collections.
Perak.
-
Java:
(Indonesia,
Bogor
96, 111), at
Fig.
Peninsular
Peak, Sunling.
Silva
(Malay
Malay
Botanic
(Netherlands:
Gardens, Sappi
Garden, III.J.25),
Botanic
bin
Garden,
Hassan
SF
at
Ceylon (Peradeniya
Leenhouts
1947),
and at
Gar-
Singa-
18184).
Doubtful:
MALAY
PENINSULA. Perak.
Ecology.
less
limestone;
July
In open,
frequently
and
Uses.
on
secondary
cliff
alt. 0—300
m.
or
the
Fl. in
coll.
50
(SING),
Lambasu
forest and evergreen scrub,
top of
two
a
hill,
on
Bukit.
along
rocky localities;
periods, March—April
and
rivers,
in
plains,
soil rich, often
July—Sept.
on
and fr. in
Oct.—Feb.(—April).
The oil of the seed is used
Notes. Corner
tree
a
Cantley's
much
(1952)
resembles
a
notes
sapling
the
as
Kasai
with toothed, ribbed leaflets, but the
absence of
stipule-like leaflets
when sterile.
Formerly,
it
because the oil from the
was
large
at
lighting
oil and skin oil.
about the species:
following
the
(Pometia)
flopping habit,
base of the
much grown in
seed
in its flushes
was
used
an
striking
pink
small
leaves
smaller number of leaflets and
leafstalk will easily distinguish it
villages
as
'The
of reddish
in the North of the country,
illuminant in
lamps,
but with the
434
Fig.
BLUMEA
2.
Range
of
The
are
slender
The
petiole (1.5
constant
3.
mm
Descriptio
axialibus
diam., puberuli.
and leaflets
in
a
joannis
M. Davids.
a
weed and is
seedling being clearly
a
P.
M. Davids,
typi:
Arbor
foliarum
Folia
20
in
et
2-jugata,
mm
coriacea, superficiei planae,
apex
admittens
prominuli,
infra:
60—70°,
linea
nerves
non
costa
recta
m
spec.
alta,
35
tomentosa in
in
2—4.5
and
cm
macrophyllum,
beneath),
Foliola
all
1-
are
but
parts
or
but
2-jugate
differs in
an
ap-
on
are
the
often
twigs,
pe-
relatively
11—15
descriptionem, laesus;
abeuntes
3a.
Indumentum
crassa.
10-28
maxime
Fig.
flavum
(sparse)
cm
basis
et foliolis
2.5-4
cm, ratione
aequilateralis,
supra:
costa
prominentes;
ab costa,
usque
incurvantes
Ramuli
6—15
subito
mm
in
2—2.9,
acuta
mm
prope
6
(inferiore parte
ac
mm
in
in costa
diam.; petioluli
medio
latissima,
cuneata;
prominens in fossula,
nervi
ramulis,
praesens in
tomentosum.
longus,
x 4.7-9.5
infraque nitida;
nervique
-
rhachi, petiolulis
costa); petiolus
supra
nov.
inflorecentils,
in diam.
longi,
to
2—4-jugate.
are
6-8
mm
likely
macrophyllum,
apex, and the leaves
cuspidate
not
complaints.'
diam.).
(midrib
nervisque, superiore parte
costam
1984
character: the midrib of the leaflets is visible above. Other differen-
Paranephelium joannis
partibus
vel
and P.
coll. 50 looks like P.
Cantley's
and the leaves
integer;
2,
in the indumentum, which is much denser and is also found
are
tiole, petiolules
small,
No.
become little else than
slender with
more
collection
parently
ces
has
plant
collection Leenhouts 1947 is
the leaflets
a
29,
with except in Perak. The oil of the seed is also used for skin
met
with
VOL.
Paranephelium macrophyllum King
advent of kerosene, the
be
-
margo
nervi
plani
distantes, angula
marginem,
venae
ad
dense
M. Davids:
dense
longa,
cm
quincunciali,
5;
lamina
1.5—2
ad
2.5-3
Fructus
L.
near
satis
absentes.
13
in diam. Leaves
mm
rachis,
leaflets above:
1—8
long,
6—24
in diam.
(mostly)
widest above
ing between the
emarginate
sunken
20—38
ed,
bracts
6,
small
the
scale
lobed,
claw
Stamens 7
cm
sweetly
red
to
to
8,
Bole
notes.
Bark
BORNEO.
For.
Sarawak.
Dept.
7 collections.
Ecology.
slopes;
Fl. in
in
margin;
to
sometimes
x
long.
laxly
x
0.6—1.8
up
to
1
mm
to
a
densely spiny,
protruding
brown,
pale,
in bud grey white. Fruit
or
spines
large
36
to
(in
a
cm;
case
of
relative-
plate
little lobe
pilose; petalar
in diam.
mrp
with
up
to
6
slender conical
in
between, gla-
bulge.
to
1.5
whitish,
yellowish
to
to
spines
rounded
sometimes green
whitish
visible),
Petals 5,
2.5—3.5
the
sometimes with buttresses up
to
6
or
Infructescences
tubercles with slender
top flat
5
mm.
glabrous
apex
mostly
in very
to
spatulate,
high,
bulg-
and often cluster-
branches up
scale), narrowly
mm
wide,
distant, straight
quincuncial, opening
Pistil: 3 cells.
to
stout
irregular. Sepals
0—1.0 mm, outside
Disc
flat to
(always
mm
densely
strigose;
as
margin entire;
furrow
veins
7—22
when dried
6—25
terminal,
petiole,
veinlets,
long
as
entirely
acute;
a
and
petiolules
surface
45—80°,
tomentose
veins
Twigs 6-
the
on
m
brown,
yellowish, (pale
to
high,
soft
to
hard.
or
with
hard,
up
Flowers
greenish) brown,
black.
Sarawak
on
tomentose.
cuspidate,
raised
to
or
mm
thick, fibrous; sapwood
fragrant, white,
the
to
axillary
mucronate
grey
acute
midrib
to
mm.
cm,
straight,
smooth,
Borneo, W. Koetai,
1.7-3.7 times
asymmetrical,
mind the
case,
0.9—2.0
rounded
x
d.b.h. Indumentum
cm
in diam.;
mm
cm,
mucronate, 0.8—2.3
acute to
3.5—4.5
x
Petala
longum. Pistillum
mm
East
rarely
nerves,
connate, aestivation
receptacle
Distribution. Borneo.
tan.
yellow
invisible, 0—1.7
x
to
near
regular
filament 2—4.5
to ±
Central
(L),
20
1.5—2
undulata,
tomentose, glabrescent
3—7
(slightly)
curving
densely short-strigose;
to
roots.
1
midrib
the latter
Fruits 2.5—4
Field
to
the
ovate,
(in
ad 4.5
10—40(—60)
4-22
x
not,
or
Inflorescences
Flowers
1.5—2.1
or
pyramidal
stilt
at
to
absent
above
brous
mm.
deltoid
to
fruits.
8
unequal),
very
ly late,
or
above
long, densely
cm
to
up
3460
middle, coriaceous,
mucronate
scalariform.
laxly
long,
cm
10-51
symmetrical
slightly curved, abruptly
to
leaflets
8—25
slightly raised; angle
to
filamentum
often
midrib,
about the
base
rounded,
to
and
high
m
3-jugate, (laxly)
or
Leaflets
or
nerves;
Nervation:
damaged.
nerves
2-
midrib; petiole
mm
F.H. Endert
s:
leaflets beneath:
petiolules,
8;
circa
aestivatione
x 1.1—1.6 mm.
squama
axial parts of leaves and infructescences,
twigs,
on
u
0.8—1.8
pilosa,
saepe
rhachis
fasciformae;
ac
regulares. Sepala 5,
mucronatus,
parte
7 vel
Flores
fl.
Petah, 20-IX-1925,
Tree, sometimes shrub,
still present
apex
mm, exteriore
T y p
—
vel terminales
longae.
mm
diam. Stamina
in
mm
3
435
of Paranephelium
solitariae
tarde, deltoidi;
X 0.2-0.7
0.2-1
Discus
mm.
36,
ac
aperientes
se
parva,
3-loculare.
no
axillares
tomentosa; bracteae
Inflorescentiae
scalariformae.
Revision
two
Jan.—Feb.
In
S
—
S
b
2.
Chew Wee Lek
23473,
a
Fig.
a
h.
Ulu
1053, Baiam Dist., SungeiMelinau,4°03' N, 114°50' E;
Dapoi, Tinjar, Marudi,
primary (dipterocarp) forest,
soil alluvial,
periods
a
clay
year,
4th
Div.
—
Northeast
Kaliman-
9 collections.
or
sand,
on
March—April
often
sandstone
and
or
on
river banks,
low,
sometimes
limestone; alt. 0—300(—450)
August—Sept.,
fr.
periods July-Nov.
m.
and
436
Fig.
BLUMEA
3.
Paranepheliumjoannis M. Davids,
½;
ture,
x
with
the
c.
large
oped ovules,
e, h.
schematical
Boerlage
all
white
in L
a.
i.
seed
with
Chew Wee Lek
29,
No.
Nervature,
longitudinal section
hilum;
x 1½ (a.
s.n.
VOL.
-
the
x
2,
½.
of flower with
appressed
1053; b.
1984
P.
—
the
remnants
Kostermans
xestophyllum Miq.
disc
of the
septae
21141 ; d. Bogor
908.270-13/14/15; f. Kostermans 13238; g.
b. Nerva-
hatched; d-g. fruits;
SAN
and
Bot.
h. seed
the undevel-
Gard. III.J.26;
79936; i. Soepadmo 853).
M.
Uses.
Revision
437
of Paranephelium
The seed is edible when cooked.
Joannes is the
Notes.
wish
to name
from
botany,
this
viz.
Christian
(and
is
father,
my
J.A.G. Davids, after whom I
biologist, though
a
in
field
a
of P.
area
endemic
Borneo,
to
material of P.
can
xestophyllum
be
easily
is much wider, correlated with
xestophyllum
other may become less
or
venation may tend
bigger. Still,
4.
P.
a
Holl.-Ind.
(1906)
Mildea
-
Lectotype
-
M.
(1861)
Sumatra
Enum.
the
longer,
and the inflorescences may be
separated easily.
For.
198, 509; Kurz,
Cochinchine
Fl.
xestophylla Miq.,
char-
area, some
3b—i.
Fig.
—
Philip.
(present author);
be
can
Fl.
(1879) 80; Pierre,
187; Merr.,
1324.
(1933)
species
two
key.
wider range of
may be
petiolules
laxly scalariform,
and
xestophyllum Miq.
xestophyllum Miq.,
Trees
vaguely
the
practice
Paranephelium
Sapind.
P.
in
be
to
different: the
clearly
from the Bor-
separated
the characters used in the
on
variation, and especially in the northern part of its continental Asian
acter
different
slightly
radiobiology.
Sumatran)
However, the
of
name
He
species.
new
Paranephelium joannis,
nean
Davids:
PI.
Ann.
2
fasc.
Burma
(1877) 286;
Mus. Bot.
Lugd.-Bat.
iso
(L;
Radlk.,
Indian
(1895) 327A; Brandis,
(1923) 514; Radlk., Engl.
4218 HB
Teysmann
Fl.
21
3
Pflanzenr.
(1867) 89,
comb,
Prov.
K), Sumatra,
98
illeg.
Lampongs,
Gunungbatin.
&
gibbosum Teysm.
Holl.-Ind.
Mus.
Bot.
3
Lugd.-Bat.
J.
(herb.
s.n.
Binnend.,
not seen; iso
Kurz) (BO,
Hiern
ii
44,
(1876)
in
5:
t.
Fl, M),
Sapind.
98
W.
Fl.
illeg.
Sumatra,
Brit.
Holl.-Ind.
29
(1866) 254; Radlk.,
1325.
(1933)
comb,
A,
Hook.f.,
188; Radlk.,
Ned.-Indie
Tijdschr.
Pflanzenr.
(1867) 89,
Scyphopetalum ramiflorum
Beng.
Natuurk.
(1879) 29, 79, 80; Engl.
Mildea
-
Type:
-
Loeboe
India
1
Teysmann
Aloeng,
-
&
Ann.
Binnendijk
fl.
(1875) 675;
29.
(1879)
Sapind.
gibbosa Miq.,
Kurz,
J.
Type: Griffith
As.
Soc.
985
(K),
Burma, 3-II-1837, fl.
P. nitidum
Engl.
J.
As.
Pflanzenr.
98
King,
locality
near
G.
Lo
1323;
638
P.
Chen,
not
p.
Rec.
Fl. Gen.
Fl.
51 77
Notul.
(1910)
5.
-
Siam.
India
4
coll.
7416,
1
(1922) 509; Radlk.,
Malay Peninsula, rocky
(1911) 275; Radlk., Engl.
17(2) (1979)
Sin.
37.
-
Pflanzenr.
Syntypes:
(K), Burma, Muyitkyina Dist.,
du
Type:
ex
98
(1933)
Cubitt
Rodger 4,
Nammun
&
Namma,
7-II1-
Reinwardtia
R.
(1911) 7;
B.
1
J.
(1950)
1324.
10515
(BM,
Radlk.,
974.
-
Engl.
Type:
1
(1912) 1027,
Pflanzenr.
Thorel
s.n.
98
(P;
f.
131:
(1933) 1323;
iso
M), (Laos)
Paklai', 1866-1868, fl.
(1933)
Bot.
Fl. Gen. Indo-Chine
334;
-
Verz. 2
iso
(M;
(1914) 61; Radlk.,
Sapindacea
sp.
A
L), Sumatra, Atjeh,
P.
62, Suppl. (1924) 25; Radlk., Engl.
not
seen; iso
Feddes
Repert.
Koord.-Schum., Syst.
Beras, 6-II-1890,
Pflanzenr.
Fl, K, L, P, SING), Sumatra,
98
18
Verz.
fr.
(1933)
hill north of G.
fl.
forbesii E.G.Baker,
Tandjong Ning,
98
1592
Trang, Lampongs, 1881,
936; Jacobs,
Suppl.
Koorders
Type:
2
(1926)
Koord.-Schum., Syst.
Pflanzenr.
Forbes
1
Me-Kong,
Nephelium forbesii E.G.Baker,
-
Syst.
En.
Indo-Chine
Radlk.
(1922) 344; Engl.
tra,
Surv.
Bot.
and Lace
Expedition
acanthocarpum
Pometia
King's
(= 77101), Malay Peninsula, Larut, Cugunong Boobo
7410
Phytotax.
Acta
seen)
1048; Craib,
Vietnam:
982.
Fl. Mai. Pen.
(1896) 450; Ridley,
Syntypes:
-
fl.
Gagnep.,
2
1326.
(both K, M, SING).
longifoliolatum Lecomte,
8,
P.
&
(both
1910,
fr.
W.W.Smith,
hystrix
ii
Beng. 65,
Bubu, III-1885, £1.;
Range, IV-1885,
P.
Soc.
(1933)
J.
6
Bot.
62,
(1962)
Suppl.
141.
-
(1924) 26;
Type :
Bliti, Palembang, 1881,
fl.
Radlk., Engl.
Forbes
2825
(BM,
Pflanzenr.
not
98
seen;iso L),
(1932)
Suma-
438
P.
BLUMEA
Notul.
poilanei Gagnep.,
1-7.
Poilane
1921, fr.;
the
on
mostly
6771
sometimes
light brown, minutely laxly hairy
Leaves
tose.
base),
base),
sometimes
1—20
petiolules
3—42
1.1
x
sometimes
strongly
Nervation: above midrib
flat
to
distant,
mm
reticulate
lary
to
straight
primordium.
Flowers
to
linear,
very
acute
17
unequal,
or
ar
with
nating
(2)
3
(4)
brous
laxly
to
Inflorescences
or
to
7
cm,
mm,
the
emarginate
petals.
to
mm
densely
±
diam.,
Stamens 5-8
Infructescences
branched,
divided into 2
in
erect
x
at
1.1—2.2
the base
of
a
3.0—3.8 cm,
irregularly gibbose, warty
veins
laxly
a
leaf
mutually
sometimes
ovate,
mm.
as
connate to
Petals
(4 or)
short
few hair tufts alter-
to
4
and
2-
or
long.
mm
simple
but up
one,
±
1.2—3.0 mm. Disc
x
a
to
6
Pistil:
axis
only,
fruits, gla-
3-lobed; smooth
spiny, glabrous; top flat,
to
3—40
±
velutinous and
early,
very
0.5—1.8
x
sunken
45—75°,
receptacle
broadly
filament up
(rarely 9),
mostly consisting
Fruits 2.3—3.2
nerves
or
not.
or
glabrous, rarely woolly; petal-
drooping, bearing mostly
or
the
at
to
lobes,
sometimes
attenuate
sometimes axil-
densely
to
opening
0.7-2.7 mm, outside
x
so,
the lowermost
sometimes 3—5-forked
triangular
diam.;
nearly
or
acuminate
midrib of
to
laxly
quincuncial,
narrowly
the
at
in
mm
obtuse,
to
rounded,
mostly ramiflorous,
2-29
up
to
or(in
slightly prominent,
angle
at an
petiole
flat; base in the lowermost
±
to
tomen-
the
(mainly
the margin stronger curving;
near
bracts
yellow
1—4
long,
cm
(except
diam., mostly
so on
beneath
cuneate
acute
apex
furrow)
nerves
induplicate
1-2.5
minutely hairy.
to
to
(narrowly)
a
dark
widest about
wide,
as
in
Leaflets mostly opposite
papery, surface
clustered,
cm;
1.0—2.8
high,
cells.
sometimes
0.8—17
acuminate, sometimes 2-tipped, 0.8—2
to
scale sometimes
mm
curving,
deltoid
5(—7), variably shaped,
0.7—1.5
to
(in
furrow;
a
in d.b.h. Indu-
cm
mm
to
Prov.
l'Enfant,
fr.
densely
±
and
mostly regular. Sepals (4—) 5 (—6),
aestivation apert
equal
thick
raised
delicate and
to
long
undulate,
±
scalariform.
(laxly)
branches up
hispid;
free,
first
terminal,
to
raised in
slightly
as
middle,
±
midrib above
in diam.
asymmetrical,
not; margin entire, sometimes
or
mm
1.4—5 times
cm,
sometimes up
in the axial parts;
beneath; petiole
0.8—4
long,
3—10
Twigs
tomentose.
petiolules,
nerves
seldom beneath the
pair)
pair
the
on
mm
14
—
rachis,
et
123:
18-VII-
Nhatrang,
Mere
13-1-1931,
high, 10—45(—75)
m
glabrous,
to
1—6-jugate, minutely hairy
the
(especially
le
re9U
f.
(1950) 973,
pres
Massif de la
P), Annam,
1
Suppl.
twigs, axial part of leaves and infructescences
on
to
1984
2,
(Annam), Song Cay
(P), Annam,
(3—)10—20(—40)
present
fruit), puberulous
Vietnam
P resp.
(K,
fl.\Poilane 17940
Tree, sometimes shrub,
still
(K, P),
No.
29,
Fl. Gen. Indo-Chine
(1947) 65;
611
6689 resp.
Nhatrang, 24-V-1923,
mentum
13
Syst.
Evrard
Syntypes:
-
VOL.
-
sunken
or
to
bulging.
Field
notes.
Bole
straight,
with stilt
roots
lenticels,
finely fissured,
hard
to
soft,
up
1—5
finally orange-red
bium
to
to
bit
or
or
scaly; whitish,
to
inside,
with
bending,
grey,
laminated to
brown; sapwood
green, hard. Flowers
astringent.
sometimes
with buttresses up
to
70
bumps
high.
cm
dirty yellow,
thick; inner bark orange-red outside,
brown
red
yellowish, calyx
taste a
60 cm,
mm
to
pale, yellow,
bright
to
fragrant
white with
pink,
or
not
to
yellow,
Bark
Fruits
smooth,
dark
with
brown,
white, pinkish, yellow,
4-5
mm
thick;
hard. Leaves
glossy
much scented, white
corolla white.
to
green
fibrous, brittle,
white
and grooves, often
or
greenish
brown, yellow
to
cam-
dark
white
grey,
M. Davids:
Revision
(Yunnan),
Distribution. China
CHINA.
Phytotax.
Yunnan.
Sin.
17
Pei
Ying Yang:
Burma,
and the
Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo,
12254;
439
of Paranephelium
(Laos,
Indochina
Thailand,
Philippines (Mindanao). Fig.
Tao
13217,
not
both
see
seen,
Annam),
1.
Lo &
Chen,
Acta
37.
(2) (1979)
BURMA. 7 collections.
THAILAND.
8 collections.
INDOCHINA.
Poilane
Laos.
Prov.
20287, Phou-Phung,
Luang-Prabang.
-
Annam.
4
col-
lections.
PENINSULA.
MALAY
Pahang. KEP/FRI
of P.
Teysmann
1°10' N,
Sarawak.
nn
Jacobs
Sarawak
-
Kelantan.
-
Chin
1426,
Bk.
Tersik,
Soepadmo 853,
S.
Tapanuli. Junghuhn 14,
Loeboe
(FI, M),
Yates
Stagen.
Northeast
-
Verhoef
1357.
of P.
Aloeng, type
Palembang.
-
and
III.J.38, III.I.41)
Hort. Bot.
Ecology.
Mainly
in
forest, rarely
in
(seasonal)
summits;
Gua
Musang.
Taman
Hochankola.
6 collections.
West-
-
and
gibbosum
-
Negara.
paratype
Lampong
-
found
once
and fr. in
Feb.—July
also
at
Dist.
Botanic
Serin
Bau Limestone
P.
-
-
of
(30
Paring; van
Sabah.
46
Zamboanga,
S of
Kuching)
Hills.
-
West
12915, Bekatan,
Laut. bb
Sci
miles
Slooten
2275,
Sci
NE
of
collections.
Sax River.
Garden, III.8.10, III.J.26, III.J.30a, III.J.34a,
Leiden
rain
over
1100
on
soils,
wetter
(—700)
m,
2361,
Botanic
forest,
swamp; often
soils, mostly
deras.
Sungei
Krian,
grown from seeds received
Garden,
1962).
area,
of
typical
Java:
deciduous, dry
igneous derived
of
Bukit
7 collections.
the primary
flooded flat
occasionally
31634,
(Netherlands,
Leenhouts
also in mixed
understorey,
S
Kelawai
Williams
Leiden
at
Bogor,
B.
Div., Passage
82, Bakatan, Bovenkamp
Bogor (Indonesia,
at
Dept.
Kalimantan.
PHILIPPINES. Mindanao.
Cultivated
1st
5152,
For.
28109, Melawi,
Paring Boschproefstation;
or
s.n.
Eastcoast.
—
collections.
Negara Exp.;
collections.
Binnendijk
110°20' E;
Kalimantan,
from
4
Taman
7 collections.
BORNEO.
c.
&
xestophyllum.
Dist.
9
Atjeh.
SUMATRA.
coast.
Perak.
14345,
m.
May—Sept.
a tree
along
rivers
of the lower canopy
partly secondary
evergreen,
in
shaded
alluvial
Fl. and fr.
clay,
red-yellow
sometimes
nearly
In Borneo, the
the
fruit is
or
on
podzolic,
higher
disturbed
riparian forest,
(gently sloping) hillsides, rarely
limestone,
or
on
the
dry ridges
sandy
or
sandstone; alt. 0—300
over
year round, but
eaten
fl. in
mainly
by proboscis monkeys
(M. Leighton, personal comm.).
Uses.
seeds
The
yield
wood is
lighting
a
Malay templekeeper,
ing
a
5
always
rarely
for
timber, though it is good
eaten, baked
number of the
6, in Borneo 7
or
used
are
or
cooked,
or
tasting, according
though they
to
a
would be contain-
varies with the island; in Sumatra it
stamens
or
6,
8.
Leaflets:
place
Two collections
these
Fruits:
rounded,
acute
firewood. The
8, rarely 6, and in the Malay Peninsula it is 5
(Evrard 611,
Poilane
6689)
the margin of the leaflets. However, the resemblance
to
as
giddyness.'
causes
Notes. Stamens: The
is
and
like the Chinese waterchestnut,
'Too much
drug:
seldom
oil
or
two
The
in P.
swellings
broadly
have very faint dentations
P.
xestophyllum
is
too
at
great
spirei.
on
ovate,
mucronate.
to
the fruit wall
pyramidal
Collections
Melegrito 1564, Verhoef 82;
to
bearing
are
very
slender
both
Sumatra: bb
variable; they might be
conical, curved
spines
and bulbs
22405, Junghuhn
14
to
are:
uneven
straight,
and
obtuse,
Borneo: Castro &
(see fig. 3d-g).
440
BLUMEA
Distribution: This is
matra, the
in
tions
in
is
just
the border with
across
tends
pairs
chinense Merr.,
Paranephelium
Lingnan
Sci.
chinense Merr.
Paranephelium
(1950) 972,
inval.
nom.
=
Su-
excep-
monsoon
increase, the hairiness
fruits become
to
mainly prickly.
the distribution area:
in N. Burma (Lace 51
f.
(1935) 30,
(1936)
laoticum
var.
area,
some
77).
TAXA
J. 14
chinense Hu, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. 7
to
add much
not
Muyitkina
EXCLUDED
everwet
northwards, in the seasonal
on
in China does
xestophyllum
In the
species.
inflorescences become stouter, and the
the
Ying Yang
1984
2,
quite homogeneous (with
is
the number of leaflet
general
find of P.
The
it
Borneo,
but further
Malay Peninsula),
the
increases,
and
No.
29,
variable
complex, greatly
a
Malay Peninsula,
climate region,
VOL.
-
10,
=
Amesiodendron
209.
Gagnep.,
Fl. Gen. Indo-Chine
Suppl.
1
Amesiodendron chinense Hu, Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol.
7(1936)209.
Paranephelium fallax
(Pierre) Leenh.,
Paranephelium
cata
Notul.
Gagnep.,
(1977)
Blumea 23
muricatum
Sidek
bb
22405:
series
III.J.25:
Corner
Dumas
1628:
Falconer
3170:
cf.
31681:
Eberhardt
5289:
50:
2
4.
Chew
-
Boden
-
III.J.30a:
4,
muricata
(1895)
t.
328,
=
Sisyrolepis
muri-
to collections
4,
Kloss
19055:
III.J.34a:
Wee Lek
1053: 3
4
Chin
-
Botanic Gardens
Bogor
-
III.J.38:
4,
III.J.41: 4.
4,
862:
1426: 4
4,
-
III.B.10:
Burkill
-
6309:
Clemens 3981:
4,
2.
1
-
2.
1
Elmer
-
Evrard 611:
-
51:
Sisyrolepis
4.
2689:
4
=
4.
28109:
4,
III.J.26:
2,
coll.
Cantley's
SA 602:
66,
336.
(1977)
Index
Ahmad &
(1947)
Fl. Cochinchine
Pierre,
Blumea 23
(Pierre) Leenh.,
13
Syst.
336.
375: 4
4,
-
20725:
20750:
4,
21731:
4,
4
Endert
-
2252:
4,
3460:
3,
3463:
3,
1669:
4,
2825:
4,
3117:
4,
4.
Forbes
1592:
4,
1625:
4,
1637:
4,
1641:
4,
4.
Griffith 985: 4
How
70602:
Jacobs
1.
5152:
Kartawinata
30915:
4
-
2,
under
Lace
4
Maung
-
2
7416:
13646:
3,
Kerr
4
-
4.
156:
4
7414:
Koorders
21141:
4,
-
KEP/FRI
2
-
King's
10515:
21279:
4
series
coll.
-
1603:
3157:
2,
2,
Kostermans
4, 21423: 3,
13317:
3204:
2,
10603:
21597:
4
-
2,
14345:
6436:
3,
2,
12670:
Kuswata
4,
15810:
7027:
3,
2,
1,
7410
13238:
Kartawinata,
4,
see
Kartawinata.
5177:
-
3,
14:
Kasin
-
51355:
(= 7710?): 4,
13266:
Junghuhn
1300: 4
4,
5367:
Leighton 59:
Lein
033:
4
-
4
-
Lakshnakara
628:
4.
Meebold
15392:
4.
2,
835: 2
-
Lau
584:
1
-
Leenhouts
1947:
2,
1962:
M.
1564:
NBFD series
1,
herb.
S series
1
6689:
Poilane
-
Russell
-
(Sarawak
For.
18358:
3,
21522:
2550:
A
2915:
A
4,
A 4006:
4
-Nimanong
18: 4
-
6771:
4,
7050:
4,
10473:
1,
1,
17940:
4,
20287:
4,
29325
1981:
4.
23473:
Dept.)
4 -
31634:
3,
SAN series
(Sandakan)
16102:
16516:
4,
4,
4,
21766
(NT555): 4,21792:4, 22525:4, 22541:4,24023:4,24401:4,
25085:
4,
26013:
3,
27365:
4,
27434:
4,
29413:
4,
29723:
4,
30525:
4,
30642:
4,
31086:
4,
4,
33268:
4,
33314:
4,
33472:
4,
33647:
4,
34054:
4,
35027:
4,
35256:
3,
35832:
4,
36525:
4,
4,
37079:
90113:
3
Smitinand
3394:
50530:
Wilde
54470:
4,
Sangkhachand
-
10999:
4218:
HB
232:
&
18981:
Yates
4,
2
1
de
—
3,
39459
57249:
110:
Silva
96:
72806:
2,
111:
2,
853:
Soepadmo
-
3,
1256:
1,
39982:
(NT 712): 4,
4
2
-
4,
1410:
-
73850:
4
40451:
4,
48953:
4,
79936:
4,
88625:
Santisuk
-
Sinclair
Spire
3,
9866:
1158:
1
-
& B. N. 362:
2
van
-
1
-
3,
-
Slooten
205:
Squires
1
4,
4,
de
4
4378:
HB
4
-
The numbers
number
2275:
van
12153:
-
2361:
Yeob Abdul
4
-
Winit
Rahim
-
4,
de Vries
12520:
4
-
Steenis
1269:
12177:
4,
refer to the number
of the
of the
taxon. The
accepted
54: 4.
4,
12738:
1896: 4
-
4,
14563:
Wray
14588:
4,
2675:
4,
15642:
Amesiodendron
Miq.
=
chinense
gibbosa Miq.
4
=
xestophylla Miq.
Nephelium
Hu: Excl.
genus
=
4
2.
index
accepted
new
taxon. Synonyms
taxon is in
bold
are
type.
followed
by
'Excl.' refers
'='
to the
preceding
Excluded
=
4
acanthocarpum
Radlk.
chinense
Excl.
var.
laoticum
Gagnep.:
Lo
=
4
Gagnep.:
=
W.W. Smith
M. Davids
1
=
4
3
macrophyllum King
nitidum
Excl.
& Binn.
spirei
=
4
4
2
Lecomte
=
4
1
xestophyllum Miq.
=
=
2
Pierre: Excl.
King
poilanei Gagnep.
Excl.
gibbosum Teysm.
hainanense
hystrix
joannis
muricatum
Paranephelium Miq.
Merr.:
(Paranephelium)
longifoliolatumLecomte
forbesii E.G. Baker
4,
2.
taxa.
fallax
88647:
SF series
4.
Verhoef 82: 4
Wilde-Duyfjes
Williams
-
1357: 4
4,
433:
Name
Mildea
48983
4.
Teysmann
Vanpruk
37137:
3,
(Singapore) 18184:
the
4,
31366:
(NT 209): 4,
de
3,
441
of Paranephelium
1.
15108:
Ridley
4
5900:
29362:
3158:
4,
Revision
1317: 4.
Nooteboom
Pierre
1757:
4,
Davids:
4
Pometia forbesii E.G. Baker
Scyphopetalum ramiflorum
=
4
Hiern
=
4