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Verbs
Conjugations, Infinitives
• Latin verbs are divided into 4 groups called
“conjugations”. You know which conjugation a
verb belongs to by the form of its infinitive.
• An infinitive is the form you get in English by
putting “to” in front of a verb.
•
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
•
āre
portāre
to call
-ēre
-ere
-īre
vidēre agere audīre
to see
to do
to here
Principal parts of a verb
• The first two principal parts of a verb are:
– 1st person singular; infinitive
– Example: amō, amāre
1st -portō, portāre
2nd -videō, vidēre
3rd -agō, agere
4th -audiō, audīre
VERB ENDINGS
• ō/m-
• s
• t
• mus
• tis
• nt
subject of the verb is I
subject of the verb is you
subject of the verb is he/she/it or a singular noun
subject of the verb is we
the subject of the verb is y’all
(you plural)
subject of the verb is they or a plural noun.
Sum, esse
• Sum I am
• Es you are
• Est he is
sumus we are
estis y’all are
sunt they are
VERBS
• If the subject of the verb is one of these pronouns, you do not
have to use a separate word to express it. It is already
contained in the verb.
• You only use a pronoun for the subject if there is special
emphasis on the subject. If you are emphasizing the subject you
would say:
• Ego amō I love
Nōs amāmus we love
• Tū amās you love
Vōs amātis y’all love
• Is/ea/id amat he she it loves
Eī/eae/ea amant they love
VERBS
» portāre
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
vidēre
agere
audīre
I
portō
videō
agō
audiō
you
portās
vidēs
agis
audīs
he/she/it portat
videt
agit
audit
We
portāmus vidēmus agimus audīmus
You-pl
portātis vidētis
agitis
audītis
They
portant
vident
agunt
audiunt
Notice that the endings are all the same: ō, s, t,
mus, tis, nt, but the vowels that precede the
endings are different.
Imperative VERBS
• An imperative is a command. Examples in
English: Hurry! Run! Sit! Eat your lunch! Read
this!
– It often, but not always, has an exclamation mark.
– The subject “you” is understood, but usually not
expressed.
– In English we make no distinction between singular
imperative (ordering one person to do something)
and plural imperative (ordering more than one
person to do something)
Imperative VERBS
• In Latin, form the singular imperative by
removing the –re from the infinitive.
• 1st conj 2nd conj
3rd conj. 4th conj
• -ā
-ē
-e
-ī
• To form the plural imperatives (ordering more
than one person do something), add –te to the
singular imperative, except 3rd conjugation
becomes –ite
• -āte
-ēte
-ite
-īte
Imperative
• Portā!
• Vidē!
• Age!
• Audī!
•
Portāte! -Carry!
Vidēte! -See!
Agite! -Do (it)!
Audīte! Hear! Listen!
Imperative
– SINGULAR
– Portā! (Carry! Singular)
– Vidē! (See! Singular)
– Age! (Do (it)! Singular)
– Audī (Hear/listen! Singular)
PLURAL
Portāte! (Carry! Plural)
Vidēte (See! Plural)
Agite (Do (it)! Plural)
Audīte (Hear/listen! Pl.)
VOCATIVE NOUNS
• Vocative nouns are used when you are
addressing someone. They are often, but not
always, names, or expressions that take the
place of names. In English, we say: “Hello,
Julius”. “Marcus, sit down!”
• The Vocative form is just like the nominative,
except for 2nd declension masculine nouns that
end in –us or –ius.
•
-us becomes e
ius becomes ī
• In Latin we say: “Salvē, Marce” “Valē, Julī”
Vocative Nouns
• The Vocative form is just like the nominative,
except for 2nd declension masculine nouns
that end in –us or –ius.
•
-us becomes e
ius becomes ī
• In Latin we say: “Salvē, Marce” “Valē, Julī”