Download Annotated Bibliography

Elise Bonin
Period 6 – Parrott
Annotated Bibliography
"Adenovirus." Black's Veterinary Dictionary. 20th ed. 2001.
A veterinarian defines adenovirus which can cause tracheobronchitis. It describes how
the disease manifests and, therefore, how it can be identified.
Blount DVM, Wendy. Canine Influenza Virus. 2010. 7 Oct. 2012. <http://wendyblount.com/>.
Created by a small animal veterinarian located in Texas, a PowerPoint presentation
provides a general presentation on the Canine Influenza Virus with a focus on kennel cough. It
offers both general background information such as when the virus was first isolated, as well as
symptoms, treatments, etc. It supplies a knowledge required for a deeper understanding of the
disease.
"Bordetella." Black's Veterinary Dictionary. 20th ed. 2001.
Because Bordetella remains the most common bacteria related to tracheobronchitis,
understanding the disease fully necessitates a basic comprehension. This presents a short, yet
scientific definition of the bacteria.
"Canine Distemper." Black's Veterinary Dictionary. 20th ed. 2001.
Since canine distemper displays symptoms similar to those of tracheobronchitis, the
two conditions must be distinguishable and a veterinarian provides a short but medical definition
of distemper.
“Canine Infectious Tracheobronchitis.” Future of Vaccination. MSD Animal Health. 7 Oct.
2012. <http://www.future-of-vaccination.co.uk/>.
An article gives more specific information about each pathogen that can cause kennel
cough in dogs. These pathogens are different despite all having similar effects. Understanding
the individual pathogens allows a better understanding of the disease as a whole.
Côté DVM, Etienne. “Bordetellosis.” Clinical Veterinary Advisor: Dogs and Cats. 2nd ed. St.
Louis: Elsevier Mosby, 2010.
Rather than looking at the broader topic of kennel cough, Dr. Côté focuses on the
bacteria seen most commonly in dogs with upper respiratory infections. His textbook includes
the epidemiology. Studying this article in a veterinary textbook expanded my vocabulary
associated with kennel cough to include “aerobic gram-negative coccobacillus.” It also touched
on the fact that kennel cough can be transmitted to humans if infants or immuno-compromised.
Côté DVM, Etienne. “Tracheobronchitis (Infectious): Dogs.” Clinical Veterinary Advisor: Dogs
and Cats. 2nd ed. St. Louis: Elsevier Mosby, 2010. 1109.
Dr. Côté presents veterinary information on tracheobronchitis specifically in canines.
The facts are organized into the following categories: basic information, clinical presentation,
etiology and pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis and outcome, and pearls and
considerations. Etiology and pathophysiology helped most because it outlined many commonly
overlooked causes of the upper respiratory infection.
Ditchfield DVM, J., et al. "Association of a Canine Adenovirus (Toronto A 26/61) with an
outbreak of Laryngotracheitis ('Kennel Cough')." Canadian Veterinary Journal 3.8
(1962): 238-47. National Institutes of Health U.S. Library of Medicine National Center
for Biotechnology Information. 7 Oct. 2012. <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/>.
Veterinarians discuss an outbreak of kennel cough including recent advancements in
the treatment of the disease. It adds possible causes for the outbreak as well as methods of
treatments (including salt solution, penicillin, streptomycin, and mycostatin) used on canines
affected by the spreading of the agent, tracheobronchitis. It includes inoculation of the cultures
and the results after surgery on the dogs. This in-depth, scientific article allows me to compare
the knowledge of kennel cough from only fifty years ago to the knowledge of today.
Donis DVM, Ruben, et al. Telephone interview by Tom Skinner. 26 Sept. 2005.
<http://www.cdc.gov/media/transcripts/t050926.htm>
A media briefing with four veterinarians done by the United States Department of Health
and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention discusses a newly emerging
pathogen in the canine population. Comparable to the equine influenza virus, it now infects dogs.
This conference call discusses how the pathogen was tested and speaks specifically of the
scientific process used to study it. This article provides a more modern view of tracheobronchitis
and how a single kind of bacteria does not cause it, but it originates from various causes. It
illustrates how the vaccines must continue to advance as the bacteria mutates. Now veterinarians
must consider this new infectious disease when diagnosing.
Edinboro DVM, C.H., et al. "A Placebo-Controlled Trial of Two Intranasal Vaccines to Prevent
Tracheobronchitis (Kennel Cough) in Dogs Entering a Humane Shelter." Penn State
Veterinary News Apr. 2004: 13.
A short excerpt from a book entitled Preventative Veterinary Medicine describes a trial of
two intranasal vaccines for the prevention of tracheobronchitis (kennel cough) in dogs. It outlines
how the trial was conducted as well as the results. This applies to my research because it
describes the effectiveness of certain vaccinations which provides me with information on
specific types of vaccines.
Fenwick DVM, Bradley W. Kennel Cough Vaccine. Patent US 7,521,059 B2. 21 Apr. 2009.
Fenwick’s patent which applies to a vaccine against kennel cough designed by Bradley
Fenwick, an accepted expert on the disease. The vaccine’s immunizes not only canines but
includes birds and other mammals. The vaccine includes killed modified microorganisms with
DNA encoding of one or more protective proteins. This vaccine costs less because the proteins
do not need to be separated from the microorganism before being injected. Reducing the cost of
vaccinating against kennel cough will increase the likelihood of owners using vaccinations on
which my research focuses.
"Herpesvirus." Black's Veterinary Dictionary. 20th ed. 2001.
A definition of herpesvirus, which can cause tracheobronchitis, describes how the
disease manifests and, therefore, how it can be identified.
Hotchner, Tracie. The Dog Bible. New York: Gotham Books, 2005.
An owner-friendly book advises on vaccinations such as when to give them and gives
understandable definitions of kennel cough and bordatella. It provides me with a general
understanding that I can build on with more scientific research from the veterinary field.
“Infectious Tracheobronchitis.” Saunders Manual of Small Animal Practice. 3rd ed. 2006. 1690.
Obtained from my mentor, this resource contains language which veterinarians employ. It
not only expanded my vocabulary, it discussed general points, diagnosis, therapy, and
prevention. The diagnosis section includes diagnostic tests which are not commonly mentioned
except for the fact that most often they relieve nothing as the results are inconclusive. The
prevention section only discusses vaccines. However, it lists vaccines in addition to B.
bronchiseptica.
"Infectious Tracheobronchitis of Dogs." The Merck Veterinary Manual. Merck Sharp & Dohme
Corp. 3 Oct. 2012. <http://www.merckvetmanual.com>.
An article takes a closer look at tracheobronchitis of dogs specifically. It discusses
causes including possible secondary infections after the initial primary pathogens initiate the
disease. The treatment section contains information on various antibiotics that can be used. An
additional section highlights prevention of the disease which focuses on vaccinations. This will
provide information on the vaccines.
“Infectious Tracheobronchitis of Dogs (Kennel Cough).” The Merck/Merial Manual for Pets.
Whitehouse Station: Merck & Co., 2007. 12.
Interestingly, this article begins by describing tracheobronchitis as a mild disease that
will usually resolve in its own time without additional aid from medications or treatments.
However, it provides specifics into how the disease can progress from mild to severe. Besides
the coughing and honking, other symptoms are listed such as loss of appetite, and gagging. The
only vaccine listed is Bordetella bronchiseptica.
"Influenza." Black's Veterinary Dictionary. 20th ed. 2001.
A definition canine influenza, which can cause tracheobronchitis, describes how the
disease manifests and, therefore, how it can be identified.
Keil DVM, Daniel J., and Brad Fenwick DVM. "Kennel Cough Facts." Kansas State University
College of Veterinary Medicine: Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology. 3
Oct. 2012. <http://www.vet.k-state.edu/>.
Keil and Fenwick discusses how the bacteria cause the symptoms of tracheobronchitis.
Knowing how the bacteria function and attack the cells of the upper respiratory system aids in
understanding the disease. It includes an in-depth look at the vaccines for tracheobronchitis
including the different types available such as avirulent live kennel cough vaccines which are
preferred for puppies because reimmunization may not be necessary. This also includes
outbreaks and current research being conducted. It includes more scientific terms used within the
field as well as a more in-depth look at the physiological effects of the disease.
"Kennel Cough." ASPCA. 7 Oct. 2012. <http://www.aspca.org>.
Published by the ASPCA, an owner-friendly article provides a general background on
kennel cough of canines in layman’s terms. It contributes information on general symptoms,
prevention, treatment, etc. As one of the first sources viewed, it allowed the building of
background knowledge before reading the more scientific and medical sources.
"Kennel Cough." Black's Veterinary Dictionary. 20th ed. 2001. 116.
A short definition of “kennel cough” provides good insight that led to other definitions
of more specific but related diseases.
"Klebsiella." Black's Veterinary Dictionary. 20th ed. 2001.
A definition of klebsiella is important because it is a canine respiratory disease that must
be distinguished from tracheobronchitis.
Lehr DVM, Craig. et al. “Demonstration of 1-Year Duration of Immunity for Attenuated
Bordetella bronchiseptica Vaccines in Dogs.” Veterinary Therapeutics 9.4 (2008) : 257262.
Loebach DVM, Ed. E-mail interviews. 2012-2013.
Interviews clarified kennel cough to a syndrome rather than a disease. This provided
much insight into how it should be represented.
McPartland DVM, Karolyn. Numerous interviews. 2012-2013.
Interviews allowed in-depth questioning into the definition of “kennel cough” as well as
the lack of limits for the term so as to think of it as an upper respiratory infection.
"Mycoplasma." Black's Veterinary Dictionary. 20th ed. 2001.
An excerpt from a dictionary defines and describes an infective agent distinguishable
from both bacteria and viruses. They contaminate cell cultures used for vaccine production.
"An Overview of Canine Kennel Cough Complex." Baker Institute for Animal Health. Cornell
University College of Veterinary Medicine, 3 Oct. 2012.
<http://bakerinstitute.vet.cornell.edu>.
A scientific explanation from Cornell University gives a general explanation of
infectious tracheobronchitis, how a dog can contract the virus, diagnosis, treatment, as well as
prevention. It provides useful background in simpler terms. It includes specific pathogens that
cause kennel cough, and possible symptoms of both “complicated” and “uncomplicated” cases.
"Reovirus." Black's Veterinary Dictionary. 20th ed. 2001.
The term is derived from ‘respiratory enteric orphan virus’ and causes respiratory
disease including canine kennel cough. The definition includes molecular information on the
virus.
Spaulding DVM, C. E., and Jackie Clay. Veterinary Guide for Animal Owners. 2nd ed. New
York: Skyhorse Publishing, 2010.
Spaulding and Clay’s technical book applies to animal owners. Although authored by a
veterinarian, it was not written for veterinarians. The list of recommended vaccines for canines
excludes Bordetella bronchiseptica. From this source, I found very broad information such as
that on viruses and bacteria, not on the specific viruses and bacteria related to tracheobronchitis.
It provided a strong foundation from which to build my knowledge of the specifics. It also
included a broad definition of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria which related to other
scientific readings I later used.
"Tracheobronchitis (Bronchitis)." The Merck/Merial Manual for Pet. Whitehouse Station: Merck
& Co., 2007. 237.
Besides the regular information included in many sources, it also contained some other
tools veterinarians use to detect tracheobronchitis including x-rays, and an endoscope to perform
a bronchoscopy (to view the bronchial tubes). It also lists bronchial washing as a possible
treatment if the initial treatment was ineffective. This could reveal the agent that caused the
disease. Also, the book includes the difficulty with differentiated between severe bronchitis and
pneumonia because bronchitis can extend from the bronchial tubes into the lung cells which
could result in pneumonia.
"Tracheobronchitis: Overview." The Merck Veterinary Manual. Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. 3
Oct. 2012. <http://www.merckvetmanual.com>.
A general overview of tracheobronchitis in both felines and canines, it includes the
etiology of tracheobronchitis with mentions of specific pathogens and the difference between
cats and dogs. Also clinical findings can be found in the article with a specific look at lesions,
diagnosis, and treatment. This article provides general background of tracheobronchitis for all
animals which benefits me when researching tracheobronchitis in dogs.
Tilley, Larry P. DVM and Francis W.K. Smith, Jr. DVM. “Infectious Canine Tracheobronchitis
(Kennel Cough).” Blackwell’s Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Canine and Feline. 5th
ed. 2011. 694.
The veterinary textbook contributes simple, yet scientific, information including the
basics, diagnosis, treatment, medications, follow-up, and other miscellaneous information. It uses
a higher-level veterinary vocabulary that allowed me to continue searching for more medically
based documents even further than this. It also allowed me to grow my list of the causes of
kennel cough by listing multiple bacteria in addition to Bordetella bronchiseptica.
"Vaccinations." The Merck/Merial Manual for Pet. Whitehouse Station: Merck & Co., 2007.
Vaccines stimulate the immune system against infection prior to exposure to the
disease. Traditionally, booster vaccinations are required yearly throughout the canine’s life in
order for the protection to continue to be effective. However, this book adds that recent data has
questioned of whether the vaccine-created immunity persists long enough for boosters to be
needed every few years rather than every year.
"Vaccines Required or Recommended for Dogs." Chart. The Merck/Merial Manual for Pet
Health. Whitehouse Station: Merck & Co., 2007.
A chart of vaccinations lists Bordetella as a noncore vaccine meaning they do not
require or recommend it unless there is exposure to the dog. It also gives the vaccination
recommendations of two doses given four weeks apart with a booster every 6 to 12 months,
depending on the risk. The vaccine administered into the nose usually.
Walters DVM, Jennifer. Numerous interviews. 2012-2013.
Interviews with this practicing small animal veterinarian gave insight into
tracheobronchitis during recent years in the local area.
Welbron DVM, Link V. (2011). 2011 AAHA Canine Vaccination Guidelines. Journal of the
American Animal Hospital Association, 47. Retrieved from www.aahanet.org
An outline recent guidelines on vaccinations for canines includes Bordetella
bronchiseptica. It displays a chart that has both the intranasal and the injectable forms of the
vaccine with suggestions including booster frequency and initial vaccination age. This source
aids in my research by providing current suggestions and information on the Bordetella
inoculation provided by the AAHA Canine Vaccination Task Force to other veterinarians.