Download Child Development Theories Presentation

Child Development Theories Presentation
Jared L.A. Nierman
January 22, 2014
EDUC 121: Child & Adolescent Development
Andrea Bush
Freud: Psychosexual Theory
 Emphasizes parents management of child’s sexual and aggressive drives
 This management within the first few years of a child’s life are crucial to a healthy
development.
 Parents need a balance between what to permit, and what needs gratification.
 Involves integration of Id, Ego, and Superego

Id: Source of basic biological needs. Ego: Conscious rational part of personality. Superego:
Conscience that often tries to conform to acceptable values of society.

The Id is relevant from birth.

The Ego arises in infancy to redirect Id’s impulses in an acceptable manner.

The Superego usually develops within 3-6 years of age through interaction with parents.
Influence/Criticism
 Freud is first to stress early child/parent
relationship.
 Many others built off of, or around his theory
(especially id, ego, and superego).
 Many believed his theory over emphasized
importance of sexual feelings.
 These stages of development (right) did not apply
to all cultures.
 Freud had never studied children directly.
Freudian Psychosexual
Stages of Development
Erikson: Psychosocial Theory:
 Influenced from Freud’s psychosexual theory
 Emphasizes mediation between demands of Id, and Superego
 The ego is a positive contributor to development, it acquires skills which make individual active in a
positive way in society.
 5 stages similar to Freud’s theory, but Erikson added 3 adult stages
 Each stage revolved around a positive and negative continuum resulting in either a positive or
negative developmental outcome
Influence/Criticism
Erikson’s Stages Of
Development
 Made the point that development must be
understood culturally
 One of the first that realized development is
life long
 Helped show that seemingly cruel acts in other
cultures may actually be essential for survival
and boost development
 Some think Erikson’s theory is more applicable
to males
 Others claim his theory shows too much
attention to infancy/childhood
Behaviorism
 Traditional behaviorism began with John Watson (1878-1958)
 The focus is on directly observable events
 Studies stimuli and responses
 Watson did experiments on infants to see if classical conditioning could be applied to children’s behavior
 B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) began the operant conditioning theory
 Frequency of a behavior can be increased or decreased
 Reinforcement or punishment is used to obtain desirable behavior
Influences/Criticism
 Have had major impact on practices with children today
 Help treat developmental problems such as aggression, language
delays and fear
 Used to treat “bad habits” in adults as well
 Lack of explanations of more complex behavior like language or
memory
 Since many experiments used animals, many considered them
irrelevant in terms of child development
 Some studies done by Watson were considered unethical
Outline of Operant Conditioning
Piaget: Cognitive Developmental Theory
 This theory states that children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate/explore
their world.
 His theory was greatly influenced by his background in biology.
 Emphasizes the term adaptation
 We physically adapt to fit our environment, but so do our minds
 Children’s understanding is much different from adults
 Preschoolers contain faulty logic, they try to obtain a balance of ideas between internal
structures and information from the outside world
 Piaget characterized 4 broad stages, each described with different distinct ways of
thinking.
 The mind develops as experiences expand
Influences/Criticism
 Convinced many that children are active
learners
 Influenced many to study children’s
conceptions of themselves, others,
human relationships and the physical
world (social/environmental)
 Influenced many programs that
emphasize children’s direct contact with
the environment
 Believed that he underestimated
competencies of infants/preschoolers
 Some question his theory that discovery
learning plays a bigger role than adult
teachings
 Some also believe that learning is much
more gradual then Piaget portrayed
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive
Development
References
 Berk, L. (2012). Infants, Children, and Adolescents. Boston, MA: Pearson Education Inc.
 Cramer, C., Flynn, B., Lafave, A. (1997). Erik Erikson's 8 Stages of Psychosocial Development.
cortland.edu. Retrieved from http://web.cortland.edu/andersmd/ERIK/welcome.HTML
 Cherry, K., Plotnik, R.(2010, November 8th). Freud’s Stages of Psychosexual Development.
theoriesinpyschologgyf10.wikispaces.com. Retrieved from
http://theoriesinpsychologyf10.wikispaces.com/Freud's+Stages+of+Psychosexual+Developme
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 McCracken, J. (2013, February 8th) AP PSYCHOLOGY FEBRUARY 2013. jmccrackenworld.com. Retrieved
from http://jmccrackenworld.com/PSYCHFEBSandy.html
 Naik, P. (1998, August). Behaviorism as a Theory of Personality: A Critical Look. personalityresearch.org.
Retrieved from http://www.personalityresearch.org/papers/naik.html