Download Introduction: The Human Brain

Introduction: The Human Brain
Philippe Goldin
Clinically Applied Affective Neuroscience
Mentors
Stanford University
James Gross
Gary Glover
UC San Diego
Greg Brown Murray Stein John McQuaid
Rutgers University
Marsha Bates
Brenna Bry
Motivation
The beginning
Visualize Brain - Heart - Mind
• Most complex organ in the
human body
• Produces every thought,
action, memory, feeling
and experience of the
world
• 1.4 kilograms
• 2% of body weight, 20% of
metabolic load
Neuron
100 billion neurons
Basic unit of
information flow
Firing neuron: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GIGqp6_PG6k
Complexity of
connectivity
• Each neuron can connect up to 10,000 other
neurons
• Our brains form a million new connections
every second of our lives
Complexity of
connectivity
• Patterns and strength of the connections are
constantly changing
• It is in these changing connections that
memories are stored, habits learned and
personalities shaped, by reinforcing certain
patterns of brain activity, and losing others
Cortical mantle
Brain Lobes
Brain: Lateral View
Anterior
Brain: Medial View
Anterior
High-Resolution Parcellation
Lateral
Medial
Functional Connectivity:
Connectome
Diffusion Tensor
Imaging
Brain Size
Average brain size relative to percentage of body mass.
Curvature and connectivity
Development
Maturation of the “baby connectome:”
examples of brain networks at four
different ages.
(A) Anatomic T2-weighted MRI images.
(B) Tractograms reconstructed based on
the diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data.
(C) Template-free brain networks
consisting of 100 nodes, represented as
weighted graphs.
(D) Template-free brain networks
represented as binary connectivity
matrices. Note: the 6 days and 6 months
networks were mapped in the same infant
longitudinally.
Paradoxically, the thinning of gray matter that starts around puberty
corresponds to increasing cognitive abilities. This probably reflects improved
neural organization, as the brain pares redundant connections and benefits
from increases in the white matter that helps brain cells communicate.
Functional Neuroanatomy
Functional Imaging Modalities
computed axial tomography (CT), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), functional magnetic resonance
imaging (fMRI), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS),
positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emission tomography (SPECT),
electroencephalography (EEG), and magnetoencephalography (EMG),
Higher Order Psychological Functions
Embedded in Brain Networks
Inhibitory Cognitive & Attention
Regulation
Salience
Self
Language Body
Reward
Memory
Emotion
Is the middle arrow pointing
to the left or right?
Get ready
<<<<<
+
Alerting or vigilance of attention network
Fan et al., 2005 Neuroimage
>>>>>
+
Orienting of attention network
Fan et al., 2005 Neuroimage
<<><<
+
Executive attention network
Fan et al., 2005 Neuroimage
• Alerting (vigilance)
• Re-orienting (shifting of
attention)
• Executive control of
attention (goal-oriented,
top-down cognitive control
of attention)
Ready
Classical View of Fear
Emotion, Arousal, Memory
Quantitative analysis of brain cortical
connectivity of amygdala
Amygdala is hypothesized to be a strong candidate for integrating cognitive
and emotional information. Pessoa, 2008, Nature Reviews Neuroscience
Eyes on - Body Sensations
Nummenmaa et al, 2014, PNAS
Bodily Sensations
Somatosensory
cortex
Insular cortex
Language network:
Perisylvian pathways in
the left hemisphere
Adapted from Catani et al. (2005)
Self-views now
Meta-Analysis of
Self-Referential Processing
Cortical midline structures: ventromedial prefrontal,
dorsomedial prefrontal, posterior cingulate/precuneus
Northoff et al. 2006, NeuroImage
Cognitive Control of Emotion:
Neural Systems
Cognitive processes that
regulate emotion
Ochsner et al., NYAS, 2012
Cognitive processes that
generate emotion
Brain as a network
The basic strategy of intrinsic functional
connectivity MRI (fcMRI)
Red/yellow = spontaneous
activity fluctuations
measured at rest are
correlated between brain
regions
Green = motor cortex seed region
Buckner et al., Nature
Neuroscience 16, 832–837 (2013)
Large-scale cerebral networks identified
by intrinsic functional connectivity
Buckner et al., Nature
Neuroscience 16, 832–837 (2013)
Brain Predicting Emotion State
Analyzed human brain activity patterns from 148 studies of emotion categories (2159 participants)
Each emotion category is associated with unique, prototypical patterns of activity across multiple brain
networks. Emotions are differentiated by a combination of perceptual, mnemonic, prospective, and
motivational elements
Wager et al., 2015, PLOS Computational Biology
Artist: Bruno
Vergauwen