Download 2. Following removal of the larynx, an individual would?

Dr. Vince Scialli
BSC 1086
REV 12/24/05
EXAM 4~ Study Guide ~ Respiratory & Digestive Systems
This guide is intended to provide you with direction into areas of importance. The questions included are the
type you will see on your exam. Some questions include answer choices while others are intended for you to
figure out. Try and understand why a particular choice is incorrect or why a particular choice is correct. Do
not memorize answers since some choices and answer sequence order will be changed on the exam. This
guide is intended to complement your lecture attendance, reading and note taking . . . not replace it.
1. Cutting the phrenic nerve will result in?
a. air entering the pleural cavity
b. paralysis of the diaphragm
c. stimulation of the diaphragmatic reflex
d. paralysis of the epiglottis
2. Following removal of the larynx, an individual would?
a. be unable to speak normally
b. would be called a laryngectomy patient
c. would have to develop esophageal speech
d. would not be able to smell normally
3. Following removal of the larynx, an individual would?
a. be unable to cough
b. have difficulty swallowing
c. have trouble breathing normally
d. would be unable to swim
4. Under ordinary circumstances, the inflation reflex is initiated by?
a. the inspiration center.
b. the apneustic center
c. over inflation of the alveoli and bronchioles
d. the pneumothorax center
e. none of the above
5.
The detergent-like substance that keeps the alveoli from collapsing between breaths because it reduces the
surface tension of the water film in the alveoli is called?
Answer Not Given ~ You should be able to figure it out from the choices given
6. Which one of the following most determines the direction of gas movement?
a. solubility of water
b. partial pressure gradient
c. the temperature
d. fluid pressure in the interstitial spaces
e. molecular weight and size of the gas molecules
7. When the inspiratory muscles contract? Answer Not Given ~ You should be able to figure it out
8. The nutrient & oxygen blood supply of the lung tissue (not alveoli) is provided by?
Answer Not Given ~ You should be able to figure it out from the choices given
9.
Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by?
Answer Not Given ~ You should be able to figure it out from the choices given
10. Most oxygen carried in the blood is?
chemically combined with hemoglobin in the red blood cells
11. Which of the following has the greatest direct stimulating effect on the respiratory center in the brain?
carbon dioxide
12. In artificial or mouth-to-mouth respiration, which statement(s) is/are incorrect?
a. expansion of a victim’s lungs occurs as a result of blowing in air at lower than atmospheric pressure called
positive pressure breathing
b. you cannot do artificial respiration if a hole in the chest wall exists
c. during inflation of the lungs, the intra-pleural pressure increases
d. expiration during this procedure depends on the elasticity of the alveoli
e. positive pressure breathing can be accomplished by a respirator
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13. A person holding its breath will?
Answer Not Given ~ You should be able to figure it out from the choices given
14.
Which of the following blood components is of no physiological significance, under
normal circumstances?
a. bicarbonate ions
b. carbaminohemoglobin
c. nitrogen
d. oxygen
e. carbon dioxide
15. Damage to which of the following would result in cessation of breathing?
Answer Not Given ~ You should be able to figure it out
16. The bulk of carbon dioxide is carried?
As Carbonic Acid & then as HCO3- after dissociation on the RBC
17. Boyle’s law states that?
Answer Not Given ~ You should know Boyles law
18. Your chest expands as a result of?
Answer Not Given ~ You should be able to figure it out from the choices given
19. As you descent from the trachea down the bronchial tree toward the lungs?
a. the cartilage rings are decrease in numbers
b. the mucosal epithelium thins and changes from pseudostratified columnar to columnar epithelium
c. cilia becomes less dense, and less mucous cells appear
d. amount of smooth muscle increases resulting in greater bronchoconstriction potential
e. all of the above are correct
20. The open (non cartilage) area of the C-shaped cartilage of the trachea?
allows for expansion of the esophagus as food passes through
21. Control over the amount of resistance to airflow and distribution of air in the lungs is provided by the?
bronchioles
22. The presence of an abnormally low carbon dioxide in the blood is?
Answer Not Given ~ You should be able to figure it out from the choices given
23. During expiration, the lungs recoil or contract and the intra-pulmonary pressure?
Increases relative to atmospheric pressure
24. During normal inhalation, the intra-pleural pressure is approximately?
Answer Not Given ~ You should be able to figure it out from the choices given
25. In tissues at a normal partial pressure of oxygen, blood entering the venous system contains about what percent
of it total oxygen content?
Answer Not Given ~ You should be able to figure it out from the choices given
26. Approximately 70% of carbon dioxide absorbed by blood from tissue is transported?
Answer Not Given ~ You should be able to figure it out from the choices given
27. The apneustic centers of the pons?
a. inhibit the pneumotaxic and inspiratory centers
b. provide continuous stimulation to the inspiratory center
c. monitor blood gas levels in the lungs
d. alter chemoreceptor sensitivity in the alveoli
e. stimulate the respiratory centers in the medulla
28. All of the following provide chemoreceptor input to the respiratory centers of the medulla oblongata, except the?
a. olfactory epithelium
b. medullary chemoreceptors
c. aortic body
d. carotid body
e. cerebral spinal fluid
29. Sneezing and coughing are classic examples of what type of reflex or reflexes?
Answer Not Given ~ You should be able to figure it out from the choices given
30. Sympathetic stimulation to the smooth muscle tissue layer in the bronchioles causes?
Answer Not Given ~ You should be able to figure it out from the choices given
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31. If the respiration rate is 15 breaths per minute and the tidal volume is 500 ml of air, what is the respiratory
minute volume?
a. 7.5 liters/min
b. 75 liters/min
c. 750 liters/min
d. 7500 liters/min
e. 15 breaths per minute
32. Gas exchange at the respiratory membrane is efficient because?
endothelial cells of the capillaries & squamous cells of the alveoli are readily diffusible by oxygen &
carbon dioxide
33. The primary physiological adjustment necessary for an athlete to compete at high altitude is?
increase the numbers of circulating RBS’s
34. An increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood causes chemoreceptors to stimulate the
respiratory centers, resulting in?
Answer Not Given ~ You should be able to figure it out
35. The largest air passages that engage in gas exchange with blood are?
Answer Not Given ~ You should be able to figure it out ~ Know Respiratory Zone exchange anatomy
36. Respiratory arrest would most likely result from a tumor or stroke of the?
Where are vital reflexes controlled??
37. Which of these values would normally be the highest?
a. tidal volume
b. inspiratory reserve volume
c. expiratory reserve volume
d. residual volume
e. vital capacity
38. Which protects the lungs best from excessive inspiration?
a. pleura
b. rib cage
c. inflation reflex
d. haldane effect
e. Bohr effect
39. Poor blood circulation causes a reduced oxygenation to the tissue. This effect is called?
hypoxia
40. Most of the CO2 that diffuses from the blood into an alveolus comes from?
carbonic acid and HCO341. The enzymatic breakdown of large molecules into their basic building blocks is called?
Answer Not Given ~ You should be able to figure it out from the choices given
42. The outer membrane layer of the digestive tract that secretes transudate is known as the?
Answer Not Given ~ You should be able to figure it out from the choices given
43. The muscularis externa propels materials from one portion of the digestive tract to another by the mechanism of?
Answer Not Given ~ You should be able to figure it out from the choices given
44. The activities of the digestive system are regulated by?
a. hormonal mechanisms
b. neural mechanisms
c. local mechanisms
d. reflex mechanisms
45. Double sheets of peritoneum that provide support and stability for the organs of the peritoneal cavity are?
Answer Not Given ~ You should be able to figure it out from the choices given
46. The peritoneal fold that stabilizes and supports the small intestine is the?
Answer Not Given ~ You should be able to figure it out from the choices given
47. Intrinsic factor and hydrochloric acid are secreted by cells in the stomach wall called?
parietal cells
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48. Protein digestion in the stomach results primarily form secretions released by?
Chief cells
49. The part of the digestive system that plays the primary role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients is the?
Answer Not Given ~ You should be able to figure it out ~ Know the GIT regions
50. The hormone that stimulates the secretion of the stomach and contraction of the stomach wall is?
gastrin
51. The essential metabolic or synthetic functions provided by the liver is/are?
Answer Not Given ~ You should be able to figure it out ~ Know the functions of the liver
52. Bile released from the gallbladder into the duodenum occurs only under the stimulation of?
cholecystokinin
53. The major function(s) of the large intestine is/are?
Answer Not Given ~ You should be able to figure it out from the choices given
54. The part of the colon that accepts chime from the small intestine is the?
ascending colon
55. The three longitudinal bands of smooth muscle found on the outer surface of the colon are?
Answer Not Given ~ You should be able to figure it out from the choices given
56. The major vitamins generated by bacteria in the colon are?
a. vitamins A, D, & E
b. B complex vitamins
c. vitamin K and biotin
d. pepsin & pepsinogen
e. protease, lipase, amylase
57. The final enzymatic steps in the digestive process are accomplished by?
a. brush border enzymes of the microvilli
b. enzymes secreted by the stomach
c. enzymes secreted by the pancreas
d. the action of bile from the gallbladder
e. enzymes secreted by the colon
58. If the lingual frenulum is too restrictive, an individual?
Answer Not Given ~ You should be able to figure it out ~ Where is the lingual frenulum & what does
it do?
59. Increased secretion by all the salivary glands results from?
parasympathetic stimulation
60. The production of acid and enzymes by the gastric mucosa is/are controlled and regulated by?
a. the central nervous system
b. short reflexes
c. digestive tract hormones
d. autonomic nervous system
61. During the gastric phase of secretion, the pH of the gastric contents?
a. decreases continually
b. remains the same as the contents become diluted
c. increases immediately and remains high
d. increases slowly with continuous mixing as the acids become diluted
e. self digests the gastric wall of the stomach causing ulcers
62. A drop in pH below 4.5 in the duodenum stimulates the secretion of?
a. secretin
b. cholecystokinin
c. gastrin
d. hydrochloric acid
63. The peritoneal cavity?
a. is similar to the abdominopelvic cavity
b. is filled with digestive organs
c. like the pleural cavity and pericardial cavities, forms a space containing serous fluid as a lubricant
d. contains the liver and pancreas
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64. Obstruction of the hepatopancreatic sphincter impairs digestion by reducing the availability of?
pancreatic juice and intestinal juice
65. The action of a digestive enzyme is influenced by?
a. chemical surroundings
b. its specific substrate
c. the presence of needed cofactors or coenzymes
d. its concentration
66. Carbohydrates are acted on by?
Answer Not Given ~ Answer Not Given ~ You should be able to figure it out ~ Know the enzymes
67. The parasympathetic nervous system influences digestion by?
a. relaxing smooth muscle
b. stimulating peristalsis and secretory activity
c. stimulating skeletal muscle that lines the intestinal tract
d. inhibiting the secretion of digestive enzymes & motility
68. The digestive juice product containing enzymes capable of digesting all four major foodstuff categories is?
a. pancreatic juice
b. gastric juice
c. salivary juice
d. biliary juice
e. peritoneal juice
69. The vitamin associated with calcium absorption is?
Answer Not Given ~ You should be able to figure it out from the choices given
70. The active form site of production of cholecystokinin, chymotrypsin, and trypsin is?
the small intestine
71. Which of the following is not characteristic of the large intestine?
a. it is divided into ascending, transverse, and descenting portions
b. it contains abundant bacteria, some of which synthesize certain vitamins
c. it is the main absorptive site for nutrients
d. it absorbs much of the water and salts remaining in wastes
e. it is the site where fecal compaction & formation occurs
72. The gallbladder?
a. produces bile
b. is attached to the pancreas
c. stores and concentrates bile
d. produces pancreatic enzymes
e. produces secretin
73. The sphincter between the stomach and duodenum is?
Answer Not Given ~ You should be able to figure it out ~ Know the sphincters
74. A protein molecule ingested in the food will be digested by enzymes secreted by?
a. the mouth, stomach, and colon
b. the stomach, liver, and small intestine
c. the small intestine, mouth, and liver
d. the pancreas, small intestine, and stomach
75. A protein molecule ingested in the food must be digested before it can be transported to and utilized by cells
because?
a. a protein is only useful directly as a protein, and not when broken into amino acids
b. a protein has a low pH, and its pH must be increased by gastric secretions
c. proteins in the circulating blood produce an adverse osmotic pressure
d. a protein is too large a molecule to be absorbed in its complete molecular state
e. proteins are not absorbed as component amino acids
76. The products of protein digestion enter the blood stream through cells lining?
Answer Not Given ~ You should be able to figure it out ~ What part of the GIT?
77. Before the blood carrying the products of protein, carbohydrate and fat digestion reaches the heart, it first passes
through specialized portal capillary networks in?
Answer Not Given ~ You should be able to figure it out ~ Where is the portal system?
78. The correct order of the movement of digestive materials through the GIT is?
esophagus, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, colon, rectum
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79. The correct order of the movement of digestive materials through or over the sphincters is?
Answer Not Given ~ You should be able to figure it out ~ Know the sphincters
Part 2: Fill in the blanks
80. ________________________
Name the reflex caused by Gastrin, a hormone secreted in the
stomach, that forces food, meal and bacteria into the cecum
from the ileum?
81. _________________________
The portion of the intestinal tract responsible for water
absorption, absorption of electrolytes and vitamins, and
evacuation of food residues?
82. ______________________
First part of the large intestine?
82. ______________________
Middle portion of the large intestine?
84. ______________________
Inflammation of the large intestine?
85. ______________________
Inflammation of the stomach?
86. ______________________
Inflammation of the small intestine?
87. ______________________
Protrusion of a portion of the stomach through the diaphragm?
88. _________________________
Phase of respiration involving movement of air into and out of
the lungs?
89. _______________________
Phase of respiration involving exchange of gases between the
external environment and the pulmonary capillaries?
90. ________________________
Phase of respiration involving the exchange of gases in
systemic capillaries?
91. ________________________
Another name for the pharyngeal tonsils which when infected,
causes a blockage of the eustacean or auditory tube?
92. ________________________
What is the primary reason for removal of the palatine tonsils
following repeated inflammation?
93. ________________________
Name the anatomical structure that houses the vocal cords
(voice box) and is the common site for removal in patients
suffering from throat cancer caused by smoking?
94. ________________________
Name the specific anatomical structure that is a common site
for lodging of objects inhaled after they pass through the
trachea?
95. ________________________
The condition of inflammation of the pleura and pleural cavity
of the lung which causes extreme pain or pleuresy during
inspiration?
96. ________________________
A “detergent like” lipoprotein secreted by type II cells of alveoli
that prevents alveoli from sticking together during expiration?
97. _______________________
A membrane zone in alveoli consisting of alveolar epithelium
and pulmonary capillary endothelium separated by a basement
membrane, which allows the passage of O2 and CO2?
98. ______________________
Type of pressure of gases inside the alveoli of the lungs that
changes with various phases of breathing?
99. ________________________
Type of pressure within the pleural cavity that fluctuates during
breathing but is always less than the intrapulmonary pressure?
100. ______________________
A condition where by air enters the pleural cavity caused by an
open chest wound causing collapse of a lung?
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101. ______________________
Another name for collapse of a lung?
102. ______________________
Stimulation of which system causes bronchiole constriction?
103. ______________________
Another name for the ability of the lungs to stretch or expand
which is dependent on the elasticity of lung tissue?
104. ______________________
Amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under
resting conditions?
105. ______________________
The gas that is the most abundant gas in air?
106. ______________________
Name for un-oxygen bound hemoglobin?
107. ______________________
Name for oxygen bound hemoglobin?
108. ______________________
Under normal conditions, what is the hemoglobin percent
saturated with oxygen in the pulmonary arterioles?
109. ______________________
Under normal conditions, what is the hemoglobin percent
saturated with oxygen in the pulmonary venuoles?
110. ______________________
In blood leaving tissues at the systemic capillary level, what is
the usual hemoglobin saturation percentage?
111. ______________________
In blood entering tissues at the systemic capillary level, what is
the usual hemoglobin saturation percentage?
112. ______________________
Name the general condition that occurs when hemoglobin
saturation falls below 75% resulting in inadequate amounts of
oxygen delivered to tissue?
113. ______________________
Name the specific condition where there is not enough oxygen
delivered to tissue as a result of too few red blood cells or not
enough hemoglobin?
114. ______________________
Name the specific condition where there is not enough oxygen
delivered to tissue as a result of impaired blood circulation?
115. ______________________
The cause of a heart attack where there is not enough oxygen
delivered to tissue as a result of impaired blood circulation?
116. ______________________
Most carbon dioxide is transported in the blood from tissue to
lungs as part of what ion?
117. ______________________
The respiratory & metabolic condition resulting from free
hydrogen ion release into the plasma during carbon dioxide
dissociation, lowering blood pH is?
118. ______________________
The depletion of carbon dioxide from the blood by fast, deep
breathing, flushing of carbon dioxide from the lungs, resulting
in raising the blood pH is known as what metabolic condition?
119. ______________________
In what specific region of the brain is the involuntary medullary
center of respiration found?
120. ______________________
In what specific part of a major region of the brain is the
voluntary control of breathing found?
121. ______________________
What nerve runs from the pons in the medulla to the
diaphragm which stimulates this muscle causing contraction
and inspiration?
122. ______________________
What muscles are primarily responsible for expiration?
123.. ______________________
A condition that is a part of chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease characterized by permanent enlargement, stretching
and destruction of alveoli resulting in active expiration is
called?
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124. ______________________
A condition resulting from excessive mucous production in the
lower respiratory passages that causes severe impairment of
ventilation and gas exchange, and cyanosis is?
125. ______________________
The involuntary movement of food through the GI tract by
alternate waves of contraction and relaxation of smooth
muscles is called?
126. ______________________
A specific digestive movement process, due to longitudinal
muscle contraction, which move different parts of the intestine
wall over food particles is called?
127. ______________________
Another cavity name for the abdominopelvic or abdominal
cavity is the?
128. ______________________
Specialized veins that collect nutrients from digestive viscera
and carry the nutrients to the liver for processing is called the?
129. ______________________
Name the reflex nerve supply to the gastrointestinal wall that
controls motility, segmentation and peristalsis?
130. ______________________
What is the general name of the intrinsic and extrinsic glands
of the buccal cavity that produce saliva necessary as the first
step in food digestion?
131. ______________________
Name the part of the permanent tooth that is the central area
beneath the neck and crown that contains the soft tissue
structures i.e., nerves, blood vessels and connective tissue?
132. ______________________
The involuntary phase of swallowing or deglutination that is
controlled by the swallowing center in the medulla and pons is
called the?
133. ______________________
A bolus of food mass in the stomach converted to a creamy
paste is called?
134. ______________________
The part of the stomach that is the terminal area where the
stomach empties into the duodenum is called the?
135. ______________________
The gastric secretion reflex that is brain controlled and
activated by smell, taste and food thought is called?
136. ______________________
Bicarbonate rich mucous producing glands specific to the
duodenum that neutralize acid chyme from the stomach is
called?
137. ______________________
The common bile duct and pancreatic duct empty into which
part of the small intestine?
138. ______________________
Name the fan shaped double layered extension of the
peritoneum to which the jejunum and ileum are attached?
139. ______________________
The part of the liver that consists of hepatic portal veins,
hepatic artery and bile duct is called the?
140. ______________________
Name the cells of the liver sinusoids that filter venous blood
from the hepatic portal system and remove debris from the
blood?
141. ______________________
Name the liver cells lined up in plate format that produce bile,
store glucose, use amino acids to make protein, process blood
borne nutrients, stores fat soluble vitamins and detoxifies
wastes and drugs?
142. ______________________
Name the pigment produced in the liver, stored in the gall
bladder, and metabolized to urobilinogen by small intestine
bacteria, that give feces its color?
143. ______________________
Name the hormone released by the small intestine that
stimulates the release of bile from the gall bladder and the
release of pancreatic juices from the pancreas?
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144. ______________________
Name the substances that are caused by crystallation of
cholesterol in the bile that cause extreme pain in the right
thoracic area?
145. ______________________
Inflammation of the liver often due to either a bacterial or viral
infection?
146. ______________________
Diffuse and progressive chronic inflammation of the liver,
commonly resulting from long term alcohol intake?
147. ______________________
A yellowish colored skin or sclera of eyes from increased bile
in the blood, caused by a blocked bile duct, liver disease, over
production of bile, or excess breakdown of hemoglobin?
148. ______________________
The active form of pancreatic enzyme that digests
carbohydrates in the small intestine?
149. ______________________
The active form of pancreatic enzyme that digests fats in the
small intestine?
150. ______________________
The active form of pancreatic enzyme that digests proteins in
the small intestine?
151. ______________________
Parasympathetic stimulation of this cranial nerve causes the
release of pancreatic juices into the small intestine during
digestion?
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