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Performance of Regulated Supplies Definitions Load Regulation = Change in VL from IL = 0 to full-load IL Line Regulation = Change in VL from minimum VS to maximum VS Output Resistance = same idea as for an amplifier Values for the simple circuit The approach is based on feedback theory. This is the circuit: Av is the differential-mode voltage gain of the op-amp, whilst ro is the output resistance of the emitter follower without feedback (very low -- and the feedback makes it lower still). From the non-inverting input of the op-amp onwards, we can regard 'Av' as being the diff-mode voltage gain of the op-amp, whilst '' is the ratio R2/(R1 + R2) by voltage division. So Av' = Av/(1 + Av), or approximately 1/, giving 1 + R1/R2. The input 'signal' voltage vs is already voltage-divided down by a ratio rz/(R + rz), so any disturbance in Vs will be multiplied by (1 + R1/R2)[rz/(R + rz)]. The line regulation is therefore the permitted range of Vs multiplied by this expression. The output resistance is that of the emitter follower divided by (1 + Av) -- very low indeed -- and the line regulation is the output resistance multiplied by the rated maximum load current.